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Chemistry - AS Level > ES Flashcards > Flashcards

ES Flashcards

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1
Q

Equation for atom economy

A

(Mr of desired products / Mr of reactants) x 100

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2
Q

Which blocks are these?

A
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3
Q

What is the charge of a group 7 element?

A

1-

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4
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

When a species is simultaneously reduced and oxidized to give two different products

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5
Q

What does oxidation mean?

A

.Gain of oxygen
.Loss of electrons
.An increase in oxidation number

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6
Q

What does reduction mean?

A

Loss of oxygen
Gain of electrons
Decrease in oxidation number

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7
Q

Half equation for reduction

A

Cl2 + 2e- —> 2Cl-

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8
Q

Half equation for oxidation

A

2Br- -> Br2 + 2e-

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9
Q

What is the oxidation state for an atom in an element? Eg. O2, Mg, Cl2

A

0

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10
Q

How do you work out the oxidation states of the elements in a compound?

A

Oxidation states of all the elements must add up to 0 if the compound has no overall charge
- Some elements have oxidation states which never change

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11
Q

Oxidation state of flourine

A

-1

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12
Q

Oxidation state of oxygen in a compound

A

-2 (except when combined with F)

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13
Q

Oxidation state of chlorine in a compound

A

-1 (except when combined with O or F)

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14
Q

Oxidation state of bromine in a compound

A

-1 (except when combined with Cl, O or F)

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15
Q

Which element will retain its oxidation state in a compound?

A

The more reactive element

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16
Q

What is the oxidation state of iodine in a compound?

A

-1 (except when reacted with F, O, Cl, Br)

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17
Q

What is the oxidation state of hydrogen in a compound?

A

+1 (except in a metal hydride eg, NaH)

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18
Q

What is the oxidation state of a group one element in a compound?

A

+1

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19
Q

What is the oxidation state of a group 2 element in a compound?

A

+2

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20
Q

What is the oxidation state of a group 3 element in a compound?

A

+3

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21
Q

What do the oxidation states add up to in PO4 3-?

A

-3

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22
Q

How to work out systematic names

A

1) identify the name of the compound
2) work out the variable the element which has a variable oxidation state
3) work out its oxidation state
4) place the oxidation number in Roman numerals next to the variable element

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23
Q

Oxidation state on 2I-

A

Still -1

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24
Q

What does a decrease in oxidation state mean?

25
How to name an oxyanion
Place the oxidation number in Roman numerals in brackets after the -ate
26
What is electrolysis?
The decomposition of a molten or aqueous ionic compound by passing an electric current through it
27
What are the 2 electrodes?
Cathode - negative Anode - positive
28
What happens to cations and anions during electrolysis?
Cations (positive ions) are reduced at the cathode Anions (negative ions) are oxidised at the anode
29
When will hydrogen gas pass at the cathode?
If the solution is acidic OR If a group 1 or 2 or aluminium metal is at the cathpde
30
Equation at the cathode if the solution is acidic
2H+ (aq) + 2e- -> H2 (g)
31
Equation at the cathode if the solution contains a group 1, 2 or aluminium metal
2H2O(l) + 2e- -> 2OH-(aq) + H2(g)
32
What happens if a less reactive metal (not group 1 or 2) is at the cathode?
Metal atoms are formed Metal ion (aq) + electrons -> metal atom (s)
33
What happens to when the anode and metal solution are the same?
Metal anode loses mass as metal atoms change to ions and go into the solution
34
What happens to sulfates and nitrates at the anode?
Oxidized less easily than water so oxygen gas is produced at the anode 2H2O -> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
35
What happens to halide ions at the anode?
HAlogen is produced at the anode as they are oxidized more easily than water 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e-
36
what are the colours and states of the halogens room temp and pressure?
Flourine - Pale yellow gas Chlorine - Pale green gas Bromine - red/brown liquid Iodine - dark grey solid
37
What happens to volatility down the group of halogens?
Increases
38
What colours are chlorine, bromine and iodine in aqueous state?
Chlorine - green Bromine - Orange Iodine - Brown
39
Why are halogens more soluble in organic solvents than water?
Because halogens are non-polar molecules so they’re more soluble in non-polar solvents
40
Why does reactivity decreases down group 7?
Atomic radius increases Shielding increases Positive attraction of the nucleus is weakened Harder to gain an electron for bonding
41
What happens to oxidising power down the group?
Decreases Ability to attract electrons decreases As greater atomic radius So more shielding
42
when will a halogen displace a halide from a solution?
If the halide ion is below it on the periodic table
43
Chlorine + bromide color change
Colorless -> orange
44
chlorine + iodide color change
Colorless -> brown
45
Bromine + iodide color change
Orange -> brown
46
What is formed when chloride, bromid and iodide ions react with silver nitrate?
Cl- = white precipitate (AgCl) Br- = cream precipitate I- = yellow precipitate
47
What happens when chlorine, bromide and iodide ions react with ammonia?
I- nothing Br- dissolves in concentrated ammonia Cl- dissolves in dilute ammonia
48
Halide ion + concentrated sulfuric acid ->
Hydrogen halide + sulfate salt
49
What happens to thermal stability down group 7?
HF and HCl are very thermally stable so will not split when heated HBr will split when heated HI will split more easily
50
Why does thermal stability decrease down group 7?
Covalent bonds are weaker As halogen atoms are larger So bonding pair is further from nucleus So they can be broken more easily
51
Where do dynamic equilibriums occur?
In closed systems
52
What happens to equilibrium if you increase temp?
Will shift to favor the endothermic reaction as heat needs to be lost
53
What happens to equilibrium if you decrease temp?
Will shift to favor the exothermic reaction as heat needs to be gained
54
What happens to equilibrium if you increase pressure?
Shift to the side with fewer molecules
55
What happens to equilibrium if you decrease pressure?
Will shift to the side with more molecules
56
What happens to equilibrium if you increase concentration?
Forward reaction will be favored Increases yield of products on the right hand side
57
What happens to equilibrium if you decrease concentration?
Reverse reaction will be favored Increases yield of reactants on the left hand side
58
Equation for equilibrium constant

Chemistry - AS Level (39 decks)

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