Epidemiology Flashcards
What is epidemiology of CHN?
The study of disease occurrence, distribution, and determinants in populations.
What is the goal of epidemiology?
To prevent disease spread through research-based strategies.
Why is epidemiology the backbone of prevention?
It helps develop prevention strategies based on data and research.
What is the main methodology used in epidemiology?
Research (Data collection, processing, analysis → conclusion).
What is the major approach or design in epidemiology?
Clinical trials (to test preventive strategies).
What is the main strategy used in epidemiology?
Information dissemination (spreading awareness to control diseases).
What are the 4 major uses of epidemiology in CHN?
Identify disease etiology (origin).
Determine trajectory/natural history of disease.
Identify population characteristics (risk factors, vulnerability).
Evaluate health program effectiveness.
4 branches of epidemiology
Studies frequency & distribution of disease (What, When, Where, Who).
Descriptive Epidemiology
4 branches of epidemiology
Studies causes/determinants of disease. (e.g., antigen testing for COVID-19).
Analytical Epidemiology
4 branches of epidemiology
Tests new prevention & treatment methods (e.g., clinical trials).
Intervention/Experimental Epidemiology
4 branches of epidemiology
Measures effectiveness of health programs.
Evaluation Epidemiology
Types of Epidemiologic Data
Census, surveys, vital records.
Demographic Data
Types of Epidemiologic Data
Births, deaths, marriages, diseases.
Vital Statistics Data
Types of Epidemiologic Data
Physical, social, & healthcare factors affecting health.
Environmental & Health Service Data
What is demographic data?
Data describing population characteristics (age, sex, civil status, ethnicity).
What is a census?
Total population enumeration, conducted every 5 years in the Philippines.
What are the 2 ways of assigning people in a census?
De Jure – Place of usual residence.
De Facto – Place where a person is physically present during the census.
What is vital statistics data?
Quantitative analysis of life events that increase/decrease the population (births, deaths, marriages, etc.).
What law governs civil registration in the Philippines?
RA 3753 (Civil Registry Law) and RA 10625 (Philippine Statistical Act of 2013).
What is PD 651?
Birth Registration Law – Requires live birth certificates to be filed within 30 days.
What is the importance of the death certificate?
Required for burial/cremation, must be filed within 48 hours.
Why is mortality data considered accurate?
Death certificates specify causes of death, making it a reliable health indicator.
What are the 2 key community health indicators?
Morbidity (disease statistics: incidence, prevalence).
Mortality (death statistics: IMR, Swaroop’s Index).
What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a year.
Why is IMR important?
Reflects survival rates and life expectancy in a population.
What is Swaroop’s Index (SI)?
Percentage of total deaths that occur in individuals ≥50 years old.
What is the ideal relationship between IMR and SI?
Low IMR, High SI → Indicates good public health conditions.
Patterns of Disease Occurrence
Random, isolated cases (e.g., rabies).
Sporadic
Patterns of Disease Occurrence
Constant presence in a population (e.g., pneumonia, malaria).
Endemic
Patterns of Disease Occurrence
Sudden increase in cases in a locality (e.g., NCR dengue outbreak).
Epidemic
Patterns of Disease Occurrence
Global outbreak affecting multiple countries (e.g., COVID-19).
Pandemic
types of epidemics
Sudden rise and drop (e.g., food poisoning).
Point Source
types of epidemics
Cases persist as long as the source is present (e.g., contaminated water).
Continuous Source
types of epidemics
Person-to-person or vector-borne transmission.
Propagated
types of epidemics
Recurs at specific intervals (e.g., Ebola every 6 years).
Cyclical
types of epidemics
Linked to weather (e.g., flu during the rainy season).
Seasonal
types of epidemics
Linked to lifestyle choices (e.g., heart attack, cancer).
Epidemic of NCDs
What is FHSIS?
Field Health Services Information System – The official DOH health statistics system.
What are the 2 main components of FHSIS?
Recording (day-to-day documentation).
Reporting (summarized data submitted regularly).
key recording tools
Includes patient details, diagnosis, and treatment.
Individual Treatment Record (ITR)
key recording tools
Tracks eligible clients for specific health services.
Target Client List (TCL)
key recording tools
Reflects health stats for a barangay.
Summary Table (ST)
key recording tools
Reflects health stats for a municipality.
Monthly Consolidation Table (MCT)
What is RA 11332?
Mandates reporting of notifiable diseases & public health threats.
Who has the authority to declare an epidemic?
Secretary of Health.
What are the penalties for non-compliance?
Fine (₱20k-₱50k) or imprisonment (1-6 months).
What are Category 1 diseases (must be reported within 24 hours)?
COVID-19, MERS, SARS, Measles, Rabies, Neonatal Tetanus, Anthrax, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, etc.
What are Category 2 diseases (reported weekly)?
Dengue, Malaria, Cholera, Leptospirosis, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Influenza-like illnesses, etc.
