Epidemiology

Question 1

What is epidemiology of CHN?

Answer 1

The study of disease occurrence, distribution, and determinants in populations.

Question 2

What is the goal of epidemiology?

Answer 2

To prevent disease spread through research-based strategies.

Question 3

Why is epidemiology the backbone of prevention?

Answer 3

It helps develop prevention strategies based on data and research.

Question 4

What is the main methodology used in epidemiology?

Answer 4

Research (Data collection, processing, analysis → conclusion).

Question 5

What is the major approach or design in epidemiology?

Answer 5

Clinical trials (to test preventive strategies).

Question 6

What is the main strategy used in epidemiology?

Answer 6

Information dissemination (spreading awareness to control diseases).

Question 7

What are the 4 major uses of epidemiology in CHN?

Answer 7

Identify disease etiology (origin).

Determine trajectory/natural history of disease.

Identify population characteristics (risk factors, vulnerability).

Evaluate health program effectiveness.

Question 8

4 branches of epidemiology
Studies frequency & distribution of disease (What, When, Where, Who).

Answer 8

Descriptive Epidemiology

Question 9

4 branches of epidemiology
Studies causes/determinants of disease. (e.g., antigen testing for COVID-19).

Answer 9

Analytical Epidemiology

Question 10

4 branches of epidemiology
Tests new prevention & treatment methods (e.g., clinical trials).

Answer 10

Intervention/Experimental Epidemiology

Question 11

4 branches of epidemiology
Measures effectiveness of health programs.

Answer 11

Evaluation Epidemiology

Question 12

Types of Epidemiologic Data
Census, surveys, vital records.

Answer 12

Demographic Data

Question 13

Types of Epidemiologic Data
Births, deaths, marriages, diseases.

Answer 13

Vital Statistics Data

Question 14

Types of Epidemiologic Data
Physical, social, & healthcare factors affecting health.

Answer 14

Environmental & Health Service Data

Question 15

What is demographic data?

Answer 15

Data describing population characteristics (age, sex, civil status, ethnicity).

Question 16

What is a census?

Answer 16

Total population enumeration, conducted every 5 years in the Philippines.

Question 17

What are the 2 ways of assigning people in a census?

Answer 17

De Jure – Place of usual residence.

De Facto – Place where a person is physically present during the census.

Question 18

What is vital statistics data?

Answer 18

Quantitative analysis of life events that increase/decrease the population (births, deaths, marriages, etc.).

Question 19

What law governs civil registration in the Philippines?

Answer 19

RA 3753 (Civil Registry Law) and RA 10625 (Philippine Statistical Act of 2013).

Question 20

What is PD 651?

Answer 20

Birth Registration Law – Requires live birth certificates to be filed within 30 days.

Question 21

What is the importance of the death certificate?

Answer 21

Required for burial/cremation, must be filed within 48 hours.

Question 22

Why is mortality data considered accurate?

Answer 22

Death certificates specify causes of death, making it a reliable health indicator.

Question 23

What are the 2 key community health indicators?

Answer 23

Morbidity (disease statistics: incidence, prevalence).

Mortality (death statistics: IMR, Swaroop’s Index).

Question 24

What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

Answer 24

Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a year.

Question 25

Why is IMR important?

Answer 25

Reflects survival rates and life expectancy in a population.

Question 26

What is Swaroop’s Index (SI)?

Answer 26

Percentage of total deaths that occur in individuals ≥50 years old.

Question 27

What is the ideal relationship between IMR and SI?

Answer 27

Low IMR, High SI → Indicates good public health conditions.

Question 28

Patterns of Disease Occurrence Random, isolated cases (e.g., rabies).

Answer 28

Sporadic

Question 29

Patterns of Disease Occurrence Constant presence in a population (e.g., pneumonia, malaria).

Answer 29

Endemic

Question 30

Patterns of Disease Occurrence Sudden increase in cases in a locality (e.g., NCR dengue outbreak).

Answer 30

Epidemic

Question 31

Patterns of Disease Occurrence Global outbreak affecting multiple countries (e.g., COVID-19).

Answer 31

Pandemic

Question 32

types of epidemics Sudden rise and drop (e.g., food poisoning).

Answer 32

Point Source

Question 33

types of epidemics Cases persist as long as the source is present (e.g., contaminated water).

Answer 33

Continuous Source

Question 34

types of epidemics Person-to-person or vector-borne transmission.

Answer 34

Propagated

Question 35

types of epidemics Recurs at specific intervals (e.g., Ebola every 6 years).

Answer 35

Cyclical

Question 36

types of epidemics Linked to weather (e.g., flu during the rainy season).

Answer 36

Seasonal

Question 37

types of epidemics Linked to lifestyle choices (e.g., heart attack, cancer).

Answer 37

Epidemic of NCDs

Question 38

What is FHSIS?

Answer 38

Field Health Services Information System – The official DOH health statistics system.

Question 39

What are the 2 main components of FHSIS?

Answer 39

Recording (day-to-day documentation). Reporting (summarized data submitted regularly).

Question 40

key recording tools Includes patient details, diagnosis, and treatment.

Answer 40

Individual Treatment Record (ITR)

Question 41

key recording tools Tracks eligible clients for specific health services.

Answer 41

Target Client List (TCL)

Question 42

key recording tools Reflects health stats for a barangay.

Answer 42

Summary Table (ST)

Question 43

key recording tools Reflects health stats for a municipality.

Answer 43

Monthly Consolidation Table (MCT)

Question 44

What is RA 11332?

Answer 44

Mandates reporting of notifiable diseases & public health threats.

Question 45

Who has the authority to declare an epidemic?

Answer 45

Secretary of Health.

Question 46

What are the penalties for non-compliance?

Answer 46

Fine (₱20k-₱50k) or imprisonment (1-6 months).

Question 47

What are Category 1 diseases (must be reported within 24 hours)?

Answer 47

COVID-19, MERS, SARS, Measles, Rabies, Neonatal Tetanus, Anthrax, Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning, etc.

Question 48

What are Category 2 diseases (reported weekly)?

Answer 48

Dengue, Malaria, Cholera, Leptospirosis, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Influenza-like illnesses, etc.