Environmental & Occupational Influences on Health

Question 1

What is a hazard?

Answer 1

Something with potential to cause harm

Question 2

What is a risk?

Answer 2

The likelihood of harm occuring

Question 3

What is a risk factor?

Answer 3

Increase the risk of harm

Question 4

What is a protective factor?

Answer 4

Decrease the risk of harm

Question 5

What is susceptibility?

Answer 5

Influences the likelihood that something will cause harm

Question 6

What are different kinds of hazards?

Answer 6

Physical

Chemical

Mechanical

Biological

Psychological

Question 7

What are different routes of exposure?

Answer 7

Skin

Blood/sexual

Inhalation

Ingestion

Question 8

What are some factors that influence the degree of risk?

Answer 8

How much a person is exposed

How the person is exposed

Conditions of exposure

Question 9

What does risk combine?

Answer 9

The probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved

Question 10

What can be said about risk to different people?

Answer 10

People perceive risk differently

Question 11

What are the 3 principles that govern how people perceive risk differently?

Answer 11

Feeling in control (voluntary vs involuntary)

Size of the possible harm

Familiarity with the risk

Question 12

Are voluntary or involuntary risk perceived as having greater risk?

Answer 12

Involuntary risk

Question 13

What is involuntary risk?

Answer 13

Situations where we believe we have little control

Question 14

What is voluntary risk?

Answer 14

Situations where we believe we have some control

Question 15

How does familiarity of risk change the risk?

Answer 15

Risk that are less familiar with are perceived as being greater than familiar ones

Question 16

What are individual variables in risk perception?

Answer 16

Previous experience

Attitudes towards risk

Values

Beliefs

Socio-economic factors

Personality

Demographic factors

Question 17

What are the 2 broad categories of risk from the environment?

Answer 17

Direct pathological effect

Indirect

Question 18

What are examples of direct environmental risks to health?

Answer 18

Physical (radiation, noise and vibration)

Chemical (pesticides, volotile organic compounds)

Biological (infectious agents, allergic substances)

Question 19

What are examples of indirect environmental risks to health?

Answer 19

Housing (overcrowing)

Transport (encouraging walking or not)

Town planning (access to amenities)

Income/wealth distribution

Question 20

What are different categories of hazourdous exposure?

Answer 20

Diet

Inhalation

Dermal

Question 21

What are examples of hazardous exposure from diet?

Answer 21

Fat

Salt

Bacteria

Pesticides

Question 22

What is example of hazardous exposure from inhalation?

Answer 22

Environmental tobacco smoke

Smoke

Asbestos

Legionella

Question 23

What are examples of hazardous exposure from dermal?

Answer 23

UV light

Bacteria

Cosmetics

Question 24

Why was asbestos used in construction?

Answer 24

Good insulating properties

Question 25

What do disasters lead to?

Answer 25

Exposure to hazardous agents

Question 26

What are examples of disasters leading to exposure of hazardous agents?

Answer 26

9/11 caused asbestos containing dust to be released Industrial accident near Milan in 1976 caused exposure to TCDD Pesticide plant released 40 tons of MIC gas by mistake in 1984

Question 27

How many fatal occupational health injuries occur in the UK each year?

Answer 27

144

Question 28

What line of work are most fatal occupational health injuries in?

Answer 28

Construction

Question 29

How many non-fatal occupational health injuries are there each year?

Answer 29

550,000

Question 30

How many deaths per year are due to past exposure to harmful working conditions?

Answer 30

12,000

Question 31

When was asbestos band?

Answer 31

1985

Question 32

What illnesses does asbestos cause?

Answer 32

Mesothelioma Lung cancer Asbestosis

Question 33

How many deaths per year does asbestos cause?

Answer 33

4500

Question 34

Do poorer people or rich people develop more health problems?

Answer 34

Poorer

Question 35

What does living in a time of rapid demographic and epidemiological transition lead to?

Answer 35

New infections and behavioural risks

Question 36

Why are Western healthcare models non-sustainable?

Answer 36

Being costly financially and on recources

Question 37

What do many local problems also have, when considering the bigger picture?

Answer 37

Consequences globally, global perspective improves our understanding of causes and solutions to local problems