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Western > Environmental Biology Part 3 > Flashcards

Environmental Biology Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is transportation?

A

38%

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2
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is industrial?

A

31%

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3
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is residential?

A

15%

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4
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is commercial/institutional?

A

13%

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5
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is agriculture?

A

3%

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6
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, what uses up the largest amount of energy?

A

Transportation

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7
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on space heating?

A

31%

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8
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on space cooling?

A

12%

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9
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on water heating?

A

12%

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10
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on lighting?

A

11%

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11
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on refrigeration OR electronics OR washing clothes/dishes?

A

~7%

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12
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on cooking?

A

3%

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13
Q

In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What category has the percent energy expenditure?

A

Space heating

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14
Q

What are the three BIGGEST things in terms of residential energy use that theoretically could be reduced to save fossil fuels?

Is that realistic?

A

Space heating
Space cooling
Water heating

No

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15
Q

What can we do personally to reduce fossil fuel usage that will actually make a big difference?

A

Transportation

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16
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from oil?

A

32

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17
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from natural gas?

A

24

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18
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from hydroelectric power?

A

25

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19
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from coal?

A

10

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20
Q

Nuclear?

A

7

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21
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what source is the largest contributor for energy?

A

Oil

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22
Q

What percent of energy sources in Canada (2006) comes from non renewable sources?

A

75

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23
Q

What non renewable energy source is heavily mined in Canada, with a small amount contributing to electric power then the rest being exported?

A

Uranium

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24
Q

TRUE or FALSE: nuclear power can be a clean source of power?

A

TRUE

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25
Q

How much of the hydro power harvested is exported?

A

None.

Ha that was a trick question because it can’t be exported unless converted to electrical power.

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26
Q

How much natural gas is used vs. exported?

A

50:50

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27
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Canada exports more coal than what we use?

A

FALSE

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28
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from fossil fuels?

A

80

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29
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from renewable sources?

A

17

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30
Q

For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from nuclear power?

A

3

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31
Q

What type of renewable source does the majority of renewable energy come from worldwide?

A

Biomass heat

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32
Q

How much does biomass heat contribute to the renewable energy for total world energy consumption (2010)?

A

68

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33
Q

How much does hydropower contribute to the renewable energy for total world energy consumption (2010)?

A

20

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34
Q

How much does wind power contribute to the renewable energy for total world energy consumption (2010)?

A

3

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35
Q

What is the definition of renewable energy?

A

Supplies of energy will not be depleted by our use

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36
Q

What is the definition of non renewable energy?

A

At our currents rates of consumption we will use up Earth’s accessible store of these sources in a matter of decades to centuries

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37
Q

True or false: Canada and the US use more oil per person than other industrialized countries?

A

TRUE

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38
Q

True or false: USA uses more oil per person than Canada?

A

FALSE - they use the same

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39
Q

What do Canada and the US use so much oil on? How much more do they spend vs. other industrialized countries?

A

Transportation

2x

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40
Q

What are the other two high energy consumption per capita countries (other than CAN and USA)? WHY?

A

Norway and Saudi Arabia

Because they are big energy producers so they don’t care about conserving it.

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41
Q

What does EROI stand for?

A

Energy returned on investment

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42
Q

What is EROI?

A

Ratio of energy returned vs. energy invested

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43
Q

Why could EROI ratios decline?

A

When we extract the easiest deposits first and now must work harder to extract the remaining reserves

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44
Q

What do high EROI ratios mean?

A

Receive more energy than you invest

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45
Q

What energy type has the highest EROI? What is the ratio?

A

Historic oil and gas fields

40:1

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46
Q

What type of energy has the lowest EROI? What is the ratio?

A

Oil shale

1:1

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47
Q

What is the economically viable threshold EROI ratio?

A

7

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48
Q

What are the 2 energy sources that do NOT meet the economically viable EROI threshold?

A

Solar PV

Biomass

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49
Q

What is the definition of fossil fuels?

A

Highly combustable substances formed from remains of organisms from past geologic ages: coal, oil and gas

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50
Q

How many years ago did the organisms who’s fossils are used for fossil fuels were alive?

A

100-500 million years ago

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51
Q

What type of environment is required for fossil fuel production?

A

Anaerobic

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52
Q

Nearly 70% of the worlds proven crude oil is located in _____

A

Middle East

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53
Q

The use of wood peaked at ____ due to the ____.

A

1875

Industrial Revolution

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54
Q

In the past 30ish years the use of coal in USA has ____ while the use of natural gas has ____

A

Declined

Inclined

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55
Q

In the past 20ish years, the use of coal in CHINA has ____

A

Increased

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56
Q

What is the definition of coal?

A

Organic matter (woody plant material) that was compressed under very high pressure to form dense, solid carbon structure

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57
Q

True or false: coal is the worlds most abundant fossil fuel

A

True

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58
Q

What is the definition of peat?

A

Organic material that is broken down anaerobically but remains wet, near the surface and not well compressed

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59
Q

What type of coal is the most compressed?

A

Anthracite

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60
Q

What type of coal is least compressed?

A

Lignite

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61
Q

True or false: the coal that is the least compressed has the most energy

A

FALSE

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62
Q

Sulphur content in coal depends on….

A

…whether the coal was formed in salt water or freshwater

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63
Q

True or false: coal was used in the 2nd-3rd century Britain

A

TRUE

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64
Q

True or false: coal was used in China for 3000 years

A

TRUE

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65
Q

Commercial mining began in the ____

A

1700s

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66
Q

The invention of the ____ expanded coals market

A

Steam engine

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67
Q

What type of fossil fuel has the largest carbon content?

A

Coal

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68
Q

What is the dirtiest fossil fuel?

A

Coal

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69
Q

What is the cleanest fossil fuel?

A

Natural gas

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70
Q

What countries have the largest natural gas consumption per capita?

A

USA
Canada
Russia

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71
Q

It is estimated that the natural gas consumption in China is supposed to be ___ x the 2008 levels.

A

2-3x

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72
Q

What is the main ingredient in natural gas?

A

Methane

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73
Q

World supplies of natural gas are projected to last until ____

A

2070

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74
Q

What is biogenic gas?

A

Natural gas created at shallow depths by bacterial anaerobic decomposition of organic matter (aka swamp gas)

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75
Q

What is thermogenic gas?

A

Natural gas resulting from compression and heat deep underground

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76
Q

Why is natural gas the fastest growing fossil fuel in use today? (2 reasons)

A
  1. More environmentally friendly

2. Cheaper –> being produced in lots of areas that have the ability to export lots

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77
Q

The use of natural gas is ___

A

rising

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78
Q

The first commercial extraction of natural gas occurred in

A

1821

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79
Q

What was natural gas first used for?

A

Street lamps

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80
Q

What is LNG?

A

Liquefied natural gas

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81
Q

What is liquefied natural gas?

A

Liquid gas that can be shipped long distances in refrigerated tankers

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82
Q

Gas is accessed by sophisticated techniques such as

A

Fracturing

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83
Q

What is the fracturing technique (AKA fracking) for extracting natural gas?

A

Pumps high pressure salt water into rocks to crack them causing them to release content it has

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84
Q

What is the immediate impact of fracking?

A

Collapse of layers above therefore damaging environment to humans and everything else

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85
Q

Fracking occurs at ___ km under ground

A

2

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86
Q

What is the worlds most used fuel? Why?

A

Oil

Easier to mine, less man power

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87
Q

The first modern extraction of oil was in __.

A

1850s

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88
Q

The first extracted oil was sold as a ___

A

Healing aid

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89
Q

Why is Edwin Drake important?

A

Drilled the worlds first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859

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90
Q

Canada consumes __% of the worlds oil

A

2.5%

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91
Q

Oil is formed in what conditions?

A

Heat, time, pressure, anaerobic

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92
Q

What is biotic theory?

A

Tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. Over time they were covered by layers of sediment and rock. Over millions of years the remains were buried deeper and deeper. The enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas.

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93
Q

Definition of crude oil =

A

A mixture of hundreds of different types of hydrocarbon molecules

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94
Q

How deep is crude oil formed?

A

1.5-3 km underground

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95
Q

What is technically recoverable oil?

A

Reveals oil that could be extracted with current technology

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96
Q

What is economically recoverable oil?

A

Recognizes the balance between the costs of extraction, transportation and current price of oil

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97
Q

What is a proven recoverable reserve?

A

Oil that is technologically and economically feasible to remove under current conditions

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98
Q

What is better? Regular oil or shale oil?

A

Regular oil

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99
Q

Will we run out of oil in the next few hundred years?

A

No because large shale oil reserves

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100
Q

What is primary oil extraction?

A

Initial drilling and pumping of available oil

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101
Q

What is secondary oil extraction?

A

Solvents, water, or stream is used to remove additional oil; expensive

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102
Q

What is more environmentally damaging - 1° or 2° oil extraction?

A

2°

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103
Q

Most oil pollution comes from ____ sources.

A

Small

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104
Q

How much (%) oil pollution comes from naturally occurring leads from the seabed?

A

45

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105
Q

How much (%) oil pollution comes from consumption?

A

35

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106
Q

How much (%) oil pollution comes from transport?

A

15

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107
Q

How much (%) oil pollution comes from extraction?

A

5

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108
Q

Hubert prediction of peak in US oil production has the peak at ______ and a decline to zero at ____

A

1960-1970

2050

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109
Q

The actual US production of oil peaked at _____ and is currently ______

A

1970

Declining

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110
Q

We have use up ~ ______ barrels of oil

A

1.1 trillion

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111
Q

We have depleted ____ of our oil reserves

A

Half

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112
Q

What is the reserves to production ratio?

A

The amount of total remaining reserves divided by the annual rate of production

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113
Q

Current levels of oil production =

A

30 billion barrels/year

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114
Q

At current levels of production, we have ___ years of oil left

A

40

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115
Q

Oil sands aka

A

Tar sands

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116
Q

What are oil sands?

A

Sand deposits with 1-20% bitumen

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117
Q

What is bitumen?

A

Thick form of petroleum rich in carbon poor in hydrogen

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118
Q

How are oil sands mined?

A

Strip mining

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119
Q

How much freshwater is needed per barrel of oil?

A

0.4-3.1

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120
Q

How much natural gas is needed per barrel of oil?

A

0.3

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121
Q

What is oil shale?

A

Sedimentary rock willed with kerogen that can be processed to produce liquid petroleum

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122
Q

True or false: shale oil = oil shale

A

FALSE

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123
Q

How can oil shale be processed to produce liquid petroleum?

A
  1. Burned like coal

2. Baked in hydrogen = prylosis

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124
Q

More than 40% of oil shale is found in ____

A

USA

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125
Q

The EROI ratio for oil shale is ___ than crude oil

A

Lower

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126
Q

Alternative fossil fuels (oil shale, tar sands) have a ____ environmental impact

A

Greater

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127
Q

What is suquestration?

A

Storage of materials in geologic reservoirs on a long timescale

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128
Q

True or false: some emission from FF burning can be captured?

A

True

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129
Q

What is nuclear power?

A

The use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat

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130
Q

What is a nuclear power plant?

A

Thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. (Typical for heat to be used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity)

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131
Q

True or false: nuclear power generation contributes to the prevention of global warming my ELIMINATING CO2 emissions?

A

True

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132
Q

France with a population of 66 million (which is ___ than Germany) produces ___ tWh electrical generation (which is ___ than Germany). What percent is nuclear?

A

LESS
600
MORE
66%

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133
Q

Germany with a population of 81 million (which is ___ than France) produces ___ tWh electrical generation (which is ___ than France). What percent is nuclear?

A

MORE
480
LESS
30%

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134
Q

What nuclear disaster occurred on March 11, 2011?

A

Fukushima Japan

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135
Q

What nuclear disaster occurred on April 26, 1986?

A

Chernobyl Ukraine

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136
Q

What nuclear disaster occurred on March 28, 1979?

A

Pennsylvania USA = Three Mile Island accident

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137
Q

The only sustainable way to guaranteeing a reliable long term supply of energy is to ensure sufficiently…

A

…rapid development of renewable energy sources

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138
Q

Who are the top 2 producers of coal?

A

China

USA

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139
Q

Who are the top 2 consumers of coal?

A

China

USA

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140
Q

Where are the top 2 proven coal reservoirs?

A

USA

Russia

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141
Q

Who are the top 2 producers of oil?

A

Russia

Saudi Arabia

142
Q

Who are the top 2 consumers of oil?

A

USA

China

143
Q

Where are the top 2 proven oil reservoirs?

A

Saudi Arabia

Iran

144
Q

Where are the top 2 countries with technically recoverable shale oil?

A

Russia

USA

145
Q

Who are the top 2 natural gas producers?

A

USA

Russia

146
Q

Who are the top 2 natural gas consumers?

A

USA

RUssia

147
Q

Where are the top 2 proven natural gas reserves?

A

Russia

Iran

148
Q

Who are the top 2 nuclear power users?

A

USA

France

149
Q

True or false: China produces more coal than it uses?

A

False

150
Q

True or false: Russia produces more oil than it uses?

A

True

151
Q

True or false: USA produces more natural gas than it uses?

A

False

152
Q

New or old renewable energy: hydroelectric?

A

Old

153
Q

New or old renewable energy: geothermal?

A

New

154
Q

New or old renewable energy: biofuels?

A

New

155
Q

New or old renewable energy: biomass?

A

Old

156
Q

New or old renewable energy: solar?

A

New

157
Q

New or old renewable energy: wind?

A

New

158
Q

New or old renewable energy: ocean?

A

New

159
Q

Old energy alternatives exert ___ environmental impact vs. FF but ___ than new renewables.

A

LESS

MORE

160
Q

60% of electricity generation in Canada comes from…

A

hydroelectric

161
Q

True or false: Ontario uses more nuclear than coal

A

TRUE

162
Q

True or false: Ontario uses more hydro than nuclear?

A

FALSE

163
Q

The use of hydro power started in

A

1831

164
Q

The first large commercial station to produce electricity from hydropower is the

A

Schoelkopf power station near Niagara Falls USA in 1881

165
Q

What is hydroelectric power?

A

Uses kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity

166
Q

What do you have to build for hydro power?

A

Dam

167
Q

True or false: the bigger the height difference across the dam the MORE electricity you can generate

A

TRUE

168
Q

What are the two techniques for hydropower?

A

Storage/dams

Run of river

169
Q

What is the benefit of run of river technique for hydropower?

A

Don’t disrupt river

For remote locations

170
Q

What is the EROI of hydropower?

A

10:1

171
Q

The world ____ the ability to expand the production of electricity from hydro

A

Doesn’t have

172
Q

What are the 3 top countries for hydro electric power generation?

A

Canada
China
Brazil

173
Q

What is biomass?

A

Organic material that makes up living organisms

174
Q

Burning wood is an example of…

A

biomass energy

175
Q

True or false: Biomass is much bigger in developing nations vs industrialized nations

A

TRUE

176
Q

True or false: biomass is carbon neutral

A

TRUE

177
Q

What are the 3 major applications of new renewable energy sources?

A

Power generation
Space heating
Transportation fuel

178
Q

Globally we obtain __% from new renewable energy

A

0.5

179
Q

Canada obtains ___% from new renewable energy

A

6

180
Q

True or false: wind power in Canada has been growing exponentially for 45 years

A

TRUE

181
Q

What is the new renewable energy source Canada uses most

A

Wind

182
Q

True or false: Federal funding for energy research and development has significantly ____ in Canada over the past 20 years

A

Decreased

183
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Biomass sources converted to fuels to power vehicles

184
Q

Ethanol produces a biofuel by…

A

Fermenting a CHO rich crops (corn)

185
Q

Biodiesel =

A

Biofuel for diesel engines produced from vegetable oil (canola)

186
Q

True or false: burning biodiesel in diesel engines produces less emissions

A

TRUE

187
Q

Biodiesel B20 =

A

20% biodiesel

80% petrodiesel

188
Q

Both ___ and ___ plants can be grown specifically for biofuel

A

Switchgrass

Algal cells

189
Q

Biopower =

A

Produced when biomass sources are burned in power plants generating heat and electricity

190
Q

Co firing combines biomass with

A

Coal

191
Q

True or false: adding biofuels helps FF combust more completely

A

TRUE

192
Q

What is the biggest drawback of biofuels?

A

Agricultural impact

193
Q

What is passive solar energy?/

A

Most common way to harness solar energy

Buildings are designed to maximize direct absorption of sunlight in winter and keep cool in summer

194
Q

What is active solar energy?

A

Collection via solar panels uses technology to focus, move, or store solar energy

195
Q

What is a PV cell?

A

Photovoltaic cell

Collect sunlight and convert it into electrical energy

196
Q

The n layer of a PV cell is ___ in electrons

A

Rich

197
Q

The p layer of a PV cell is ___ in electrons

A

Deficient

198
Q

In a PV cell, sunlight hits the ___ layer and causes electrons to move from the ____ to the ___ layer.

A

N type

P type > N type

199
Q

Solar panels are currently paying for themselves in ___ years.

A

20-30

200
Q

Wind energy =

A

energy derived from moving air masses

201
Q

Windmills have been used for __ years

A

800 years

202
Q

Wind power produces electricity for __ price of conventional sources

A

Same

203
Q

Wind turbines =

A

devices that harness power from wind

204
Q

Wind turns the blades that rotate machinery inside a compartment called the

A

nacelle

205
Q

2x wind velocity = ? x power output

A

8

206
Q

___ is the fastest foriwng energy sector

A

wind

207
Q

___ is the world leader in installed wind capacity

A

Germany

208
Q

In Denmark, wind supplies ___ % of nations electricity

A

20

209
Q

In Canada, wind power could meet __% of nations electrical needs

A

15

210
Q

Wind speeds are __% ___ over water vs. land

A

20% greater

211
Q

Winter months = ___ wind energy

A

Greater

212
Q

Geothermal energy =

A

renewable energy is generated from deep within the Earth

213
Q

Geothermal energy currently provides less than ___% of total energy use worldwide

A

0.5%

214
Q

True or false: geothermal energy provides MORE energy than solar and wind energy

A

True

215
Q

True or false: geothermal energy provides MORE energy than biomass

A

False

216
Q

True or false: geothermal energy can be the CHEAPEST form of energy production

A

True

217
Q

Downfall of geothermal energy?

A

Can only harvest in specific locations where ground water comes close to surface (e.g. Iceland)

218
Q

Tidal energy =

A

Erecting gates/sluices across the outlets of tidal basins

219
Q

True or false: wave energy can be developed at a greater variety of sites vs. tidal energy

A

True

220
Q

Wave energy is greatest at ___ sites

A

Deep ocean

221
Q

Where is a ideal sport for ocean current energy?

A

Gulf Stream

222
Q

Ocean currents =

A

Underwater wind turbines (used in Europe)

223
Q

Hydrogen fuel cell =

A

Utilize chemical energy like batteries as storage component

224
Q

True or false: hydrogen could alleviate dependence on foreign fuels and fight climate change

A

True

225
Q

Creation of hydrogen power is based on the process of

A

Electrolysis of water

226
Q

What are the 3 fuel cell components?

A

Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Exchange membrane

227
Q

Steps of a hydrogen fuel cell energy production =

A
  1. In negative electrode = H removed from electrons
  2. Electrons move to positive electrode = current
  3. Protons move across membrane to positive electrode
  4. In positive electrode = O + protons + electrons = water
228
Q

What is the waste product of fuel cells?

A

Water

229
Q

True or false: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in universe

A

True

230
Q

Urbanization =

A

the movement of people from rural to urban areas

231
Q

Since the onset of ________, rural populations have been decreasing in developed countries

A

green revolution

232
Q

True or false: Fertility rates in rural areas of undeveloped countries is the highest

A

True

233
Q

In developed regions, urban population surpasses rural in

A

1950

234
Q

In developed regions, the gap between urban populations and rural populations is getting

A

progressively larger

235
Q

In developed countries, the urban population in the future…

A

increases very slightly

236
Q

In developed countries, the rural population in the future…

A

slowly decreases

237
Q

In non developed regions, urban population surpasses rural in

A

2020

238
Q

In non developed regions the gap between urban populations and rural populations is getting

A

Smaller

239
Q

In non developed countries, the urban population in the future…

A

HUGE linear increase

240
Q

In non developed countries, the rural population in the future…

A

Peaks at 2020 then falls off

241
Q

In 2010 the gap between urban and rural populations in developed counties is about

A

0.5 billion

242
Q

In 2010 the gap between urban and rural populations in non developed counties is about

A

0.75 billion

243
Q

In 2050 the gap between urban and rural populations in developed counties is about

A

1 billion

244
Q

In 2050 the gap between urban and rural populations in non developed counties is about

A

2.5 billion

245
Q

Green revolution =

A

increases in agricultural productivity during mid to late 20th century

246
Q

Main driver of urbanization is

A

green revolution

247
Q

In 1960 China, about __% of people were living in urban areas vs. __% in rural areas

A

17

85

248
Q

In what year did the rural pop = urban pop in China

A

2011

249
Q

China: 4 star hotels increased __x from 2000-2012 vs. hospitals increased __x

A

8

1.2

250
Q

__ is the main source of energy in china

A

Coal

251
Q

__% of Canada is considered urban

A

80

252
Q

28% of urban population lives in

A

suburbs

253
Q

Suburbs =

A

areas that are peripheral to and strongly influenced by cities and towns

254
Q

Mega cities =

A

have more than 10 million residents

255
Q

How many mega cities are there?

A

20

256
Q

What is the largest city? Pop?

A

Tokyo

36.5 million

257
Q

Cities in developing world are growing at rates of __% per year

A

3-5

258
Q

Large Canadian cities were largely based on

A

trading centres

259
Q

Montreal was originally…

A

Iroquois settlement; flourished as early trade route because of strategic port locations between St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers

260
Q

Calgary was founded via…

A

Town site laid out by CPRC and incorporated in 1884 as first town in Alberta

261
Q

Sprawl =

A

spread of low density urban or suburban development outward from an urban centre

262
Q

Sprawl: un-centered commercial strip development =

A

Have lots of huge stores together surrounded by huge parking lot which are separated for each store

263
Q

Sprawl: low density single use development =

A

House with enough area for recreation in between

264
Q

Sprawl: scattered/leapfrog development =

A

have suburban areas were each house is located on mall lot (no green space in-between for personal leisure) BUT have large common park

265
Q

Sprawl: sparse street network =

A

(LONDON)

Leave natural areas intact; where not all land is useable for building houses

266
Q

What are 5 disadvantages of sprawl?

A 
Transportation 
Pollution from transportation  
Health
Land use
Economics
267
Q

How is transportation a disadvantage of sprawl?

A

Pressur et own own cars and drive greater distances

Lack of mass transit

268
Q

How is air pollution a disadvantage of sprawl?

A

Low population density correlates with high carbon emissions (vs. high population density)

269
Q

How is health a disadvantage of sprawl?

A

Encourages physical inactivity (driving vs walking)

270
Q

How is land use a disadvantage of sprawl?

A

Loss of ecosystems

271
Q

How is economics a disadvantage of sprawl?

A

Drains tax dollars for city maintenance

272
Q

(urban) planning =

A

the professional pursuit that attempts to design cities so as to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty

273
Q

(urban) zoning =

A

practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use

274
Q

Defined urban growth boundaries and greenbelts are not widely used to

A

control sprawl

275
Q

Urban growth boundaries ___ sprawl

A

Prevents

276
Q

Greenbelt =

A

land use or zoning designation that is intended to contain urban development while protecting natural or agricultural lands

277
Q

(urban) smart growth =

A

urban growth boundaries nd other land use policies to control growth (aims to counter sprawl)

278
Q

What is the best source of transportation inside cities?

A

Light rail = smaller rail systems powered by electricity

279
Q

Greenways =

A

strips of land that connect parks or neighbourhoods = protect water quality, boost property values, corridors for wildlife movement

280
Q

Urban resource consumption environmental impacts: resource sinks =

A

cities must import resources from long distances - rely on large expanses of land elsewhere for resources

281
Q

Urban resource consumption environmental impacts: efficiency =

A

maximize the efficiency of resource use and delivery of goods and services; the density of cities facilitates the provision of social services

282
Q

Urban resource consumption environmental impacts: more consumption =

A

heavy use of outside resources extends ecological footprints of cities to a level fa beyond their actual side

283
Q

Cities take up __% of land surface but consume more than __% of worlds resources

A

2

75

284
Q

The biggest component to (Calgary’s) ecological footprint is

A

energy

285
Q

Urban heat island effect =

A

cities have ambient temperateness that are several degrees higher than surrounding areas

286
Q

Noise pollution =

A

undesired ambient sound; can induce stress and harm hearing

287
Q

Light pollution =

A

lights obscure the night sky impairing visibility of stars

288
Q

Urban dust domes =

A

meterological phenomenon in which soot, dust, and chemical emissions become trapped in the air above urban spaces which is a product of local air circulations (urban heat island effect)

289
Q

Urban ecology =

A

cities can be viewed as ecosystems

290
Q

What are the top 3 countries for cars per capita?

A

Canada
US
Australia

291
Q

Culture =

A

knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people

292
Q

World view =

A

a person’s OR groups beliefs about the meaning purpose operation and essence of the world

293
Q

Vested interest =

A

an individual with strong interests in the outcome of a decision that result in a gain or loss for that individual

294
Q

Traditional/indigenous ecological knowledge =

A

the intimate knowledge of a particular environment possessed and passed along by those who have inhabited an area for many generations

295
Q

Ethics =

A

the study of good and bad, right and wrong

296
Q

Relativists =

A

ethics varies with social context

297
Q

Universalists =

A

right and wrong remains the same across cultures and situations

298
Q

ethical standards =

A

criteria that help differentiate right from wrong

299
Q

Utilitarian principle =

A

something right produces the most benefits for the most people; if something is right then it is right for all = produces benefits results for many people

300
Q

environmental ethics =

A

application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and non human entities

301
Q

sustainable development =

A

we must meet out current needs without compromising the availability of natural resources or the quality of life for future generations

302
Q

Why are ethical consideration is extended to non human entities?

A

Economic prosperity - more leisure time/less anxiety

Science - interconnection of all organisms

303
Q

We currently have extended ethical standards for animals, humans, race, and nation. What will the future have?

A 
Universe
Planet
Rocks
Ecosystems
Life
Plants
304
Q

Western ethics: anthropocentrism =

A

only humans have rights

305
Q

Western ethics = biocentrism =

A

certain living things also have value

306
Q

Western ethics = ecocenticism =

A

whole ecological systems have value

307
Q

preservation ethics =

A

holds that we should protect the natural environment in a pristine, unaltered state

308
Q

conservation ethics =

A

holds that humans should put natural resources to use but also have a responsibility to manage them wisely

309
Q

environmental justice = humans have the right to…

A
  1. live and work in clean and healthy environment
  2. receive protection from risk and impacts of environmental degradation
  3. be compensated for having suffered ^ impacts
  4. have equitable access to environmental resources
310
Q

economics =

A

study of how people decide to use scare resources to prove foods and services in the face of demand for them

311
Q

Environmental protection works in ___ to economic progress

A

Opposition

312
Q

Arguments are made that environmental protection is too ____, interferes with ____, and leads to ____

A

Expensive
progress
job loss

313
Q

economy =

A

social system that converts resources into goods and services

314
Q

Economy: goods =

A

manufactured materials that are bought

315
Q

Economy: services =

A

work done for others as a form of business

316
Q

subsistence economy =

A

people get their daily needs directly from nature; do not purchase or trade

317
Q

capitalist market economy =

A

buyers and sellers interact to determine prices and production of goods and services

318
Q

centrally planned economy =

A

the government determines how to allocate resources

319
Q

mixed economy =

A

governments intervene to some extent

320
Q

open system =

A

economies are open systems integrated with the larger environmental system of which they are part of

321
Q

closed system =

A

earth/environment is a closed system; the material inputs Earth can provide are finite and so is the waste

322
Q

Standard neoclassical economists focus on ____; and view environment as ___

A

production vs. consumption

a factor of production

323
Q

Environmental and ecological economists view the human economy as existing within _____; receiving resources from it and discharging waste into it

A

natural environment

324
Q

ecosystem services =

A

essential services support the life that makes economic activities possible

325
Q

classical economics promoted the

A

free market

326
Q

classical economics is blamed for economic

A

inequality

327
Q

neoclassical economics considers

A

price, supply and demand

328
Q

market equilibrium =

A

where the market is at the same level as the supply (100% saturation)

329
Q

cost benefit analysis =

A

the costs of a proposed action are compared to the benefits that result form the action

330
Q

marginal benefit and cost curves determine an

A

optimal level of resource use OR pollution reduction

331
Q

What are the 4 assumptions of free market/neoclassical economy?
What is

A
  1. resources are finite or substitutable
  2. costs and benefits are internal
  3. long term effects are discounted
  4. growth is good
332
Q

What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that resources are finite?

A

Resources are limited (renewable and non renewable)

333
Q

What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that costs and benefits are internal?

A

Can effect other members of society

334
Q

Externalities =

A

costs or benefits involving people other than the buyer or seller

335
Q

external cost =

A

cost borne by someone not involved in a transaction

336
Q

What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that long term effects should be discounted?

A

Future events do not count less than present ones

337
Q

discounting =

A

short term costs and benefits are more important than long term costs and benefits

338
Q

What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that growth is good?

A

Bigger isn’t always better = dramatic rise in per person consumption has severe environmental consequneces

339
Q

Critics say that economic growth was not good for __ and is dangerous for ___

A

Japan

China

340
Q

True or false: economists agree that economic growth is sustainable

A

false

341
Q

What are the 2 basic arguments re: if economic growth is sustainable or not

A

Endless improvements in technology are possible

Growth is not sustainable

342
Q

What do ecological economists think re: if economic growth is sustainable or not

A

civilizations do not overcome their environmental limitations in the long run

343
Q

What do environmental economists think re: if economic growth is sustainable or not

A

economies are unsustainable if population growth is not reduced and resource use is not made more efficient

344
Q

steady state economy =

A

economies that do not grow or shrink but are stable and mirror ecological systems

345
Q

gross domestic product =

A

total monetary value of final goods and services produced

346
Q

GDP does not account for

A

non market values

347
Q

A large oil spill would ___ GDP

A

increase

348
Q

genuine progress indicator =

A

differentiates between desirable and undesirable economic activity

349
Q

A large oil spill would ___ GPI

A

decrease

350
Q

In the past 60 years, GDP has ____ and GPI has ____

A

increased

stayed the same

351
Q

Green washing =

A

consumers are mislead into thinking companies are acting sustainably

Western (14 decks)

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