Environmental Biology Part 3 Flashcards
1
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is transportation?
A
38%
2
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is industrial?
A
31%
3
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is residential?
A
15%
4
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is commercial/institutional?
A
13%
5
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, how much is agriculture?
A
3%
6
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, what uses up the largest amount of energy?
A
Transportation
7
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on space heating?
A
31%
8
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on space cooling?
A
12%
9
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on water heating?
A
12%
10
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on lighting?
A
11%
11
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on refrigeration OR electronics OR washing clothes/dishes?
A
~7%
12
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What is percent energy expenditure on cooking?
A
3%
13
Q
In the percent use of energy in Canada by sector, the residential component is broken down. What category has the percent energy expenditure?
A
Space heating
14
Q
What are the three BIGGEST things in terms of residential energy use that theoretically could be reduced to save fossil fuels?
Is that realistic?
A
Space heating
Space cooling
Water heating
No
15
Q
What can we do personally to reduce fossil fuel usage that will actually make a big difference?
A
Transportation
16
Q
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from oil?
A
32
17
Q
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from natural gas?
A
24
18
Q
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from hydroelectric power?
A
25
19
Q
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from coal?
A
10
20
Q
Nuclear?
A
7
21
Q
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what source is the largest contributor for energy?
A
Oil
22
Q
What percent of energy sources in Canada (2006) comes from non renewable sources?
A
75
23
Q
What non renewable energy source is heavily mined in Canada, with a small amount contributing to electric power then the rest being exported?
A
Uranium
24
Q
TRUE or FALSE: nuclear power can be a clean source of power?
A
TRUE
25
How much of the hydro power harvested is exported?
None.
| Ha that was a trick question because it can't be exported unless converted to electrical power.
26
How much natural gas is used vs. exported?
50:50
27
TRUE or FALSE: Canada exports more coal than what we use?
FALSE
28
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from fossil fuels?
80
29
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from renewable sources?
17
30
For oil consumption in Canada (2006), what percent comes from nuclear power?
3
31
What type of renewable source does the majority of renewable energy come from worldwide?
Biomass heat
32
How much does biomass heat contribute to the renewable energy for total world energy consumption (2010)?
68
33
How much does hydropower contribute to the renewable energy for total world energy consumption (2010)?
20
34
How much does wind power contribute to the renewable energy for total world energy consumption (2010)?
3
35
What is the definition of renewable energy?
Supplies of energy will not be depleted by our use
36
What is the definition of non renewable energy?
At our currents rates of consumption we will use up Earth's accessible store of these sources in a matter of decades to centuries
37
True or false: Canada and the US use more oil per person than other industrialized countries?
TRUE
38
True or false: USA uses more oil per person than Canada?
FALSE - they use the same
39
What do Canada and the US use so much oil on? How much more do they spend vs. other industrialized countries?
Transportation
| 2x
40
What are the other two high energy consumption per capita countries (other than CAN and USA)? WHY?
Norway and Saudi Arabia
| Because they are big energy producers so they don't care about conserving it.
41
What does EROI stand for?
Energy returned on investment
42
What is EROI?
Ratio of energy returned vs. energy invested
43
Why could EROI ratios decline?
When we extract the easiest deposits first and now must work harder to extract the remaining reserves
44
What do high EROI ratios mean?
Receive more energy than you invest
45
What energy type has the highest EROI? What is the ratio?
Historic oil and gas fields
| 40:1
46
What type of energy has the lowest EROI? What is the ratio?
Oil shale
| 1:1
47
What is the economically viable threshold EROI ratio?
7
48
What are the 2 energy sources that do NOT meet the economically viable EROI threshold?
Solar PV
| Biomass
49
What is the definition of fossil fuels?
Highly combustable substances formed from remains of organisms from past geologic ages: coal, oil and gas
50
How many years ago did the organisms who's fossils are used for fossil fuels were alive?
100-500 million years ago
51
What type of environment is required for fossil fuel production?
Anaerobic
52
Nearly 70% of the worlds proven crude oil is located in _____
Middle East
53
The use of wood peaked at ____ due to the ____.
1875
| Industrial Revolution
54
In the past 30ish years the use of coal in USA has ____ while the use of natural gas has ____
Declined
| Inclined
55
In the past 20ish years, the use of coal in CHINA has ____
Increased
56
What is the definition of coal?
Organic matter (woody plant material) that was compressed under very high pressure to form dense, solid carbon structure
57
True or false: coal is the worlds most abundant fossil fuel
True
58
What is the definition of peat?
Organic material that is broken down anaerobically but remains wet, near the surface and not well compressed
59
What type of coal is the most compressed?
Anthracite
60
What type of coal is least compressed?
Lignite
61
True or false: the coal that is the least compressed has the most energy
FALSE
62
Sulphur content in coal depends on....
...whether the coal was formed in salt water or freshwater
63
True or false: coal was used in the 2nd-3rd century Britain
TRUE
64
True or false: coal was used in China for 3000 years
TRUE
65
Commercial mining began in the ____
1700s
66
The invention of the ____ expanded coals market
Steam engine
67
What type of fossil fuel has the largest carbon content?
Coal
68
What is the dirtiest fossil fuel?
Coal
69
What is the cleanest fossil fuel?
Natural gas
70
What countries have the largest natural gas consumption per capita?
USA
Canada
Russia
71
It is estimated that the natural gas consumption in China is supposed to be ___ x the 2008 levels.
2-3x
72
What is the main ingredient in natural gas?
Methane
73
World supplies of natural gas are projected to last until ____
2070
74
What is biogenic gas?
Natural gas created at shallow depths by bacterial anaerobic decomposition of organic matter (aka swamp gas)
75
What is thermogenic gas?
Natural gas resulting from compression and heat deep underground
76
Why is natural gas the fastest growing fossil fuel in use today? (2 reasons)
1. More environmentally friendly
| 2. Cheaper --> being produced in lots of areas that have the ability to export lots
77
The use of natural gas is ___
rising
78
The first commercial extraction of natural gas occurred in
1821
79
What was natural gas first used for?
Street lamps
80
What is LNG?
Liquefied natural gas
81
What is liquefied natural gas?
Liquid gas that can be shipped long distances in refrigerated tankers
82
Gas is accessed by sophisticated techniques such as
Fracturing
83
What is the fracturing technique (AKA fracking) for extracting natural gas?
Pumps high pressure salt water into rocks to crack them causing them to release content it has
84
What is the immediate impact of fracking?
Collapse of layers above therefore damaging environment to humans and everything else
85
Fracking occurs at ___ km under ground
2
86
What is the worlds most used fuel? Why?
Oil
| Easier to mine, less man power
87
The first modern extraction of oil was in __.
1850s
88
The first extracted oil was sold as a ___
Healing aid
89
Why is Edwin Drake important?
Drilled the worlds first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859
90
Canada consumes __% of the worlds oil
2.5%
91
Oil is formed in what conditions?
Heat, time, pressure, anaerobic
92
What is biotic theory?
Tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. Over time they were covered by layers of sediment and rock. Over millions of years the remains were buried deeper and deeper. The enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas.
93
Definition of crude oil =
A mixture of hundreds of different types of hydrocarbon molecules
94
How deep is crude oil formed?
1.5-3 km underground
95
What is technically recoverable oil?
Reveals oil that could be extracted with current technology
96
What is economically recoverable oil?
Recognizes the balance between the costs of extraction, transportation and current price of oil
97
What is a proven recoverable reserve?
Oil that is technologically and economically feasible to remove under current conditions
98
What is better? Regular oil or shale oil?
Regular oil
99
Will we run out of oil in the next few hundred years?
No because large shale oil reserves
100
What is primary oil extraction?
Initial drilling and pumping of available oil
101
What is secondary oil extraction?
Solvents, water, or stream is used to remove additional oil; expensive
102
What is more environmentally damaging - 1° or 2° oil extraction?
2°
103
Most oil pollution comes from ____ sources.
Small
104
How much (%) oil pollution comes from naturally occurring leads from the seabed?
45
105
How much (%) oil pollution comes from consumption?
35
106
How much (%) oil pollution comes from transport?
15
107
How much (%) oil pollution comes from extraction?
5
108
Hubert prediction of peak in US oil production has the peak at ______ and a decline to zero at ____
1960-1970
| 2050
109
The actual US production of oil peaked at _____ and is currently ______
1970
| Declining
110
We have use up ~ ______ barrels of oil
1.1 trillion
111
We have depleted ____ of our oil reserves
Half
112
What is the reserves to production ratio?
The amount of total remaining reserves divided by the annual rate of production
113
Current levels of oil production =
30 billion barrels/year
114
At current levels of production, we have ___ years of oil left
40
115
Oil sands aka
Tar sands
116
What are oil sands?
Sand deposits with 1-20% bitumen
117
What is bitumen?
Thick form of petroleum rich in carbon poor in hydrogen
118
How are oil sands mined?
Strip mining
119
How much freshwater is needed per barrel of oil?
0.4-3.1
120
How much natural gas is needed per barrel of oil?
0.3
121
What is oil shale?
Sedimentary rock willed with kerogen that can be processed to produce liquid petroleum
122
True or false: shale oil = oil shale
FALSE
123
How can oil shale be processed to produce liquid petroleum?
1. Burned like coal
| 2. Baked in hydrogen = prylosis
124
More than 40% of oil shale is found in ____
USA
125
The EROI ratio for oil shale is ___ than crude oil
Lower
126
Alternative fossil fuels (oil shale, tar sands) have a ____ environmental impact
Greater
127
What is suquestration?
Storage of materials in geologic reservoirs on a long timescale
128
True or false: some emission from FF burning can be captured?
True
129
What is nuclear power?
The use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat
130
What is a nuclear power plant?
Thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. (Typical for heat to be used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity)
131
True or false: nuclear power generation contributes to the prevention of global warming my ELIMINATING CO2 emissions?
True
132
France with a population of 66 million (which is ___ than Germany) produces ___ tWh electrical generation (which is ___ than Germany). What percent is nuclear?
LESS
600
MORE
66%
133
Germany with a population of 81 million (which is ___ than France) produces ___ tWh electrical generation (which is ___ than France). What percent is nuclear?
MORE
480
LESS
30%
134
What nuclear disaster occurred on March 11, 2011?
Fukushima Japan
135
What nuclear disaster occurred on April 26, 1986?
Chernobyl Ukraine
136
What nuclear disaster occurred on March 28, 1979?
Pennsylvania USA = Three Mile Island accident
137
The only sustainable way to guaranteeing a reliable long term supply of energy is to ensure sufficiently...
...rapid development of renewable energy sources
138
Who are the top 2 producers of coal?
China
| USA
139
Who are the top 2 consumers of coal?
China
| USA
140
Where are the top 2 proven coal reservoirs?
USA
| Russia
141
Who are the top 2 producers of oil?
Russia
| Saudi Arabia
142
Who are the top 2 consumers of oil?
USA
| China
143
Where are the top 2 proven oil reservoirs?
Saudi Arabia
| Iran
144
Where are the top 2 countries with technically recoverable shale oil?
Russia
| USA
145
Who are the top 2 natural gas producers?
USA
| Russia
146
Who are the top 2 natural gas consumers?
USA
| RUssia
147
Where are the top 2 proven natural gas reserves?
Russia
| Iran
148
Who are the top 2 nuclear power users?
USA
| France
149
True or false: China produces more coal than it uses?
False
150
True or false: Russia produces more oil than it uses?
True
151
True or false: USA produces more natural gas than it uses?
False
152
New or old renewable energy: hydroelectric?
Old
153
New or old renewable energy: geothermal?
New
154
New or old renewable energy: biofuels?
New
155
New or old renewable energy: biomass?
Old
156
New or old renewable energy: solar?
New
157
New or old renewable energy: wind?
New
158
New or old renewable energy: ocean?
New
159
Old energy alternatives exert ___ environmental impact vs. FF but ___ than new renewables.
LESS
| MORE
160
60% of electricity generation in Canada comes from...
hydroelectric
161
True or false: Ontario uses more nuclear than coal
TRUE
162
True or false: Ontario uses more hydro than nuclear?
FALSE
163
The use of hydro power started in
1831
164
The first large commercial station to produce electricity from hydropower is the
Schoelkopf power station near Niagara Falls USA in 1881
165
What is hydroelectric power?
Uses kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity
166
What do you have to build for hydro power?
Dam
167
True or false: the bigger the height difference across the dam the MORE electricity you can generate
TRUE
168
What are the two techniques for hydropower?
Storage/dams
| Run of river
169
What is the benefit of run of river technique for hydropower?
Don't disrupt river
| For remote locations
170
What is the EROI of hydropower?
10:1
171
The world ____ the ability to expand the production of electricity from hydro
Doesn't have
172
What are the 3 top countries for hydro electric power generation?
Canada
China
Brazil
173
What is biomass?
Organic material that makes up living organisms
174
Burning wood is an example of...
biomass energy
175
True or false: Biomass is much bigger in developing nations vs industrialized nations
TRUE
176
True or false: biomass is carbon neutral
TRUE
177
What are the 3 major applications of new renewable energy sources?
Power generation
Space heating
Transportation fuel
178
Globally we obtain __% from new renewable energy
0.5
179
Canada obtains ___% from new renewable energy
6
180
True or false: wind power in Canada has been growing exponentially for 45 years
TRUE
181
What is the new renewable energy source Canada uses most
Wind
182
True or false: Federal funding for energy research and development has significantly ____ in Canada over the past 20 years
Decreased
183
What are biofuels?
Biomass sources converted to fuels to power vehicles
184
Ethanol produces a biofuel by...
Fermenting a CHO rich crops (corn)
185
Biodiesel =
Biofuel for diesel engines produced from vegetable oil (canola)
186
True or false: burning biodiesel in diesel engines produces less emissions
TRUE
187
Biodiesel B20 =
20% biodiesel
| 80% petrodiesel
188
Both ___ and ___ plants can be grown specifically for biofuel
Switchgrass
| Algal cells
189
Biopower =
Produced when biomass sources are burned in power plants generating heat and electricity
190
Co firing combines biomass with
Coal
191
True or false: adding biofuels helps FF combust more completely
TRUE
192
What is the biggest drawback of biofuels?
Agricultural impact
193
What is passive solar energy?/
Most common way to harness solar energy
| Buildings are designed to maximize direct absorption of sunlight in winter and keep cool in summer
194
What is active solar energy?
Collection via solar panels uses technology to focus, move, or store solar energy
195
What is a PV cell?
Photovoltaic cell
| Collect sunlight and convert it into electrical energy
196
The n layer of a PV cell is ___ in electrons
Rich
197
The p layer of a PV cell is ___ in electrons
Deficient
198
In a PV cell, sunlight hits the ___ layer and causes electrons to move from the ____ to the ___ layer.
N type
| P type > N type
199
Solar panels are currently paying for themselves in ___ years.
20-30
200
Wind energy =
energy derived from moving air masses
201
Windmills have been used for __ years
800 years
202
Wind power produces electricity for __ price of conventional sources
Same
203
Wind turbines =
devices that harness power from wind
204
Wind turns the blades that rotate machinery inside a compartment called the
nacelle
205
2x wind velocity = ? x power output
8
206
___ is the fastest foriwng energy sector
wind
207
___ is the world leader in installed wind capacity
Germany
208
In Denmark, wind supplies ___ % of nations electricity
20
209
In Canada, wind power could meet __% of nations electrical needs
15
210
Wind speeds are __% ___ over water vs. land
20% greater
211
Winter months = ___ wind energy
Greater
212
Geothermal energy =
renewable energy is generated from deep within the Earth
213
Geothermal energy currently provides less than ___% of total energy use worldwide
0.5%
214
True or false: geothermal energy provides MORE energy than solar and wind energy
True
215
True or false: geothermal energy provides MORE energy than biomass
False
216
True or false: geothermal energy can be the CHEAPEST form of energy production
True
217
Downfall of geothermal energy?
Can only harvest in specific locations where ground water comes close to surface (e.g. Iceland)
218
Tidal energy =
Erecting gates/sluices across the outlets of tidal basins
219
True or false: wave energy can be developed at a greater variety of sites vs. tidal energy
True
220
Wave energy is greatest at ___ sites
Deep ocean
221
Where is a ideal sport for ocean current energy?
Gulf Stream
222
Ocean currents =
Underwater wind turbines (used in Europe)
223
Hydrogen fuel cell =
Utilize chemical energy like batteries as storage component
224
True or false: hydrogen could alleviate dependence on foreign fuels and fight climate change
True
225
Creation of hydrogen power is based on the process of
Electrolysis of water
226
What are the 3 fuel cell components?
Negative electrode
Positive electrode
Exchange membrane
227
Steps of a hydrogen fuel cell energy production =
1. In negative electrode = H removed from electrons
2. Electrons move to positive electrode = current
3. Protons move across membrane to positive electrode
4. In positive electrode = O + protons + electrons = water
228
What is the waste product of fuel cells?
Water
229
True or false: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in universe
True
230
Urbanization =
the movement of people from rural to urban areas
231
Since the onset of ________, rural populations have been decreasing in developed countries
green revolution
232
True or false: Fertility rates in rural areas of undeveloped countries is the highest
True
233
In developed regions, urban population surpasses rural in
1950
234
In developed regions, the gap between urban populations and rural populations is getting
progressively larger
235
In developed countries, the urban population in the future...
increases very slightly
236
In developed countries, the rural population in the future...
slowly decreases
237
In non developed regions, urban population surpasses rural in
2020
238
In non developed regions the gap between urban populations and rural populations is getting
Smaller
239
In non developed countries, the urban population in the future...
HUGE linear increase
240
In non developed countries, the rural population in the future...
Peaks at 2020 then falls off
241
In 2010 the gap between urban and rural populations in developed counties is about
0.5 billion
242
In 2010 the gap between urban and rural populations in non developed counties is about
0.75 billion
243
In 2050 the gap between urban and rural populations in developed counties is about
1 billion
244
In 2050 the gap between urban and rural populations in non developed counties is about
2.5 billion
245
Green revolution =
increases in agricultural productivity during mid to late 20th century
246
Main driver of urbanization is
green revolution
247
In 1960 China, about __% of people were living in urban areas vs. __% in rural areas
17
| 85
248
In what year did the rural pop = urban pop in China
2011
249
China: 4 star hotels increased __x from 2000-2012 vs. hospitals increased __x
8
| 1.2
250
__ is the main source of energy in china
Coal
251
__% of Canada is considered urban
80
252
28% of urban population lives in
suburbs
253
Suburbs =
areas that are peripheral to and strongly influenced by cities and towns
254
Mega cities =
have more than 10 million residents
255
How many mega cities are there?
20
256
What is the largest city? Pop?
Tokyo
| 36.5 million
257
Cities in developing world are growing at rates of __% per year
3-5
258
Large Canadian cities were largely based on
trading centres
259
Montreal was originally...
Iroquois settlement; flourished as early trade route because of strategic port locations between St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers
260
Calgary was founded via...
Town site laid out by CPRC and incorporated in 1884 as first town in Alberta
261
Sprawl =
spread of low density urban or suburban development outward from an urban centre
262
Sprawl: un-centered commercial strip development =
Have lots of huge stores together surrounded by huge parking lot which are separated for each store
263
Sprawl: low density single use development =
House with enough area for recreation in between
264
Sprawl: scattered/leapfrog development =
have suburban areas were each house is located on mall lot (no green space in-between for personal leisure) BUT have large common park
265
Sprawl: sparse street network =
(LONDON)
| Leave natural areas intact; where not all land is useable for building houses
266
What are 5 disadvantages of sprawl?
```
Transportation
Pollution from transportation
Health
Land use
Economics
```
267
How is transportation a disadvantage of sprawl?
Pressur et own own cars and drive greater distances
| Lack of mass transit
268
How is air pollution a disadvantage of sprawl?
Low population density correlates with high carbon emissions (vs. high population density)
269
How is health a disadvantage of sprawl?
Encourages physical inactivity (driving vs walking)
270
How is land use a disadvantage of sprawl?
Loss of ecosystems
271
How is economics a disadvantage of sprawl?
Drains tax dollars for city maintenance
272
(urban) planning =
the professional pursuit that attempts to design cities so as to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty
273
(urban) zoning =
practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use
274
Defined urban growth boundaries and greenbelts are not widely used to
control sprawl
275
Urban growth boundaries ___ sprawl
Prevents
276
Greenbelt =
land use or zoning designation that is intended to contain urban development while protecting natural or agricultural lands
277
(urban) smart growth =
urban growth boundaries nd other land use policies to control growth (aims to counter sprawl)
278
What is the best source of transportation inside cities?
Light rail = smaller rail systems powered by electricity
279
Greenways =
strips of land that connect parks or neighbourhoods = protect water quality, boost property values, corridors for wildlife movement
280
Urban resource consumption environmental impacts: resource sinks =
cities must import resources from long distances - rely on large expanses of land elsewhere for resources
281
Urban resource consumption environmental impacts: efficiency =
maximize the efficiency of resource use and delivery of goods and services; the density of cities facilitates the provision of social services
282
Urban resource consumption environmental impacts: more consumption =
heavy use of outside resources extends ecological footprints of cities to a level fa beyond their actual side
283
Cities take up __% of land surface but consume more than __% of worlds resources
2
| 75
284
The biggest component to (Calgary's) ecological footprint is
energy
285
Urban heat island effect =
cities have ambient temperateness that are several degrees higher than surrounding areas
286
Noise pollution =
undesired ambient sound; can induce stress and harm hearing
287
Light pollution =
lights obscure the night sky impairing visibility of stars
288
Urban dust domes =
meterological phenomenon in which soot, dust, and chemical emissions become trapped in the air above urban spaces which is a product of local air circulations (urban heat island effect)
289
Urban ecology =
cities can be viewed as ecosystems
290
What are the top 3 countries for cars per capita?
Canada
US
Australia
291
Culture =
knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people
292
World view =
a person's OR groups beliefs about the meaning purpose operation and essence of the world
293
Vested interest =
an individual with strong interests in the outcome of a decision that result in a gain or loss for that individual
294
Traditional/indigenous ecological knowledge =
the intimate knowledge of a particular environment possessed and passed along by those who have inhabited an area for many generations
295
Ethics =
the study of good and bad, right and wrong
296
Relativists =
ethics varies with social context
297
Universalists =
right and wrong remains the same across cultures and situations
298
ethical standards =
criteria that help differentiate right from wrong
299
Utilitarian principle =
something right produces the most benefits for the most people; if something is right then it is right for all = produces benefits results for many people
300
environmental ethics =
application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and non human entities
301
sustainable development =
we must meet out current needs without compromising the availability of natural resources or the quality of life for future generations
302
Why are ethical consideration is extended to non human entities?
Economic prosperity - more leisure time/less anxiety
| Science - interconnection of all organisms
303
We currently have extended ethical standards for animals, humans, race, and nation. What will the future have?
```
Universe
Planet
Rocks
Ecosystems
Life
Plants
```
304
Western ethics: anthropocentrism =
only humans have rights
305
Western ethics = biocentrism =
certain living things also have value
306
Western ethics = ecocenticism =
whole ecological systems have value
307
preservation ethics =
holds that we should protect the natural environment in a pristine, unaltered state
308
conservation ethics =
holds that humans should put natural resources to use but also have a responsibility to manage them wisely
309
environmental justice = humans have the right to...
1. live and work in clean and healthy environment
2. receive protection from risk and impacts of environmental degradation
3. be compensated for having suffered ^ impacts
4. have equitable access to environmental resources
310
economics =
study of how people decide to use scare resources to prove foods and services in the face of demand for them
311
Environmental protection works in ___ to economic progress
Opposition
312
Arguments are made that environmental protection is too ____, interferes with ____, and leads to ____
Expensive
progress
job loss
313
economy =
social system that converts resources into goods and services
314
Economy: goods =
manufactured materials that are bought
315
Economy: services =
work done for others as a form of business
316
subsistence economy =
people get their daily needs directly from nature; do not purchase or trade
317
capitalist market economy =
buyers and sellers interact to determine prices and production of goods and services
318
centrally planned economy =
the government determines how to allocate resources
319
mixed economy =
governments intervene to some extent
320
open system =
economies are open systems integrated with the larger environmental system of which they are part of
321
closed system =
earth/environment is a closed system; the material inputs Earth can provide are finite and so is the waste
322
Standard neoclassical economists focus on ____; and view environment as ___
production vs. consumption
| a factor of production
323
Environmental and ecological economists view the human economy as existing within _____; receiving resources from it and discharging waste into it
natural environment
324
ecosystem services =
essential services support the life that makes economic activities possible
325
classical economics promoted the
free market
326
classical economics is blamed for economic
inequality
327
neoclassical economics considers
price, supply and demand
328
market equilibrium =
where the market is at the same level as the supply (100% saturation)
329
cost benefit analysis =
the costs of a proposed action are compared to the benefits that result form the action
330
marginal benefit and cost curves determine an
optimal level of resource use OR pollution reduction
331
What are the 4 assumptions of free market/neoclassical economy?
What is
1. resources are finite or substitutable
2. costs and benefits are internal
3. long term effects are discounted
4. growth is good
332
What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that resources are finite?
Resources are limited (renewable and non renewable)
333
What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that costs and benefits are internal?
Can effect other members of society
334
Externalities =
costs or benefits involving people other than the buyer or seller
335
external cost =
cost borne by someone not involved in a transaction
336
What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that long term effects should be discounted?
Future events do not count less than present ones
337
discounting =
short term costs and benefits are more important than long term costs and benefits
338
What is wrong with the neoclassical assumption that growth is good?
Bigger isn't always better = dramatic rise in per person consumption has severe environmental consequneces
339
Critics say that economic growth was not good for __ and is dangerous for ___
Japan
| China
340
True or false: economists agree that economic growth is sustainable
false
341
What are the 2 basic arguments re: if economic growth is sustainable or not
Endless improvements in technology are possible
| Growth is not sustainable
342
What do ecological economists think re: if economic growth is sustainable or not
civilizations do not overcome their environmental limitations in the long run
343
What do environmental economists think re: if economic growth is sustainable or not
economies are unsustainable if population growth is not reduced and resource use is not made more efficient
344
steady state economy =
economies that do not grow or shrink but are stable and mirror ecological systems
345
gross domestic product =
total monetary value of final goods and services produced
346
GDP does not account for
non market values
347
A large oil spill would ___ GDP
increase
348
genuine progress indicator =
differentiates between desirable and undesirable economic activity
349
A large oil spill would ___ GPI
decrease
350
In the past 60 years, GDP has ____ and GPI has ____
increased
| stayed the same
351
Green washing =
consumers are mislead into thinking companies are acting sustainably
