Anatomy: Abdomen Flashcards
1
Q
What is the superior lateral regions called?
A
Right or left hypochondriac region
2
Q
What structures lie on top of the hypochondriac regions?
A
Costal cartilage
3
Q
What is the middle lateral regions called?
A
Right or left lumbar regions
4
Q
What is the inferior lateral regions called?
A
Right or left inguinal
5
Q
What is the superior middle region called?
A
Epigastric
6
Q
What the middle middle region called?
A
Umbilical
7
Q
What is the inferior middle region called?
A
Suprapubic
8
Q
What separates the regions horizontally? (What is the vertical line?)
A
Mid clavicular lines
9
Q
What separates the hypochondriac and lumbar regions vertically? (What runs horizontally?)
A
Subcostal line
10
Q
What separates the lumbar and inguinal regions vertically? (What runs horizontally?)
A
Transtubercular line
11
Q
What level is the subcostal line?
A
Rib 10
12
Q
What level is the transtubercular line?
A
L5
13
Q
What is another name for the hypogastric region?
A
Suprapubic region
14
Q
How many tendinous insertions are there?
A
3 on each side
15
Q
What is the line semilinaris?
A
Lateral outline of the rectus abdominus
16
Q
What are the attachment points for all of the abdominal muscles?
A
Lower ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba
17
Q
What muscles make up the superficial layer of the abdomen?
A
External oblique
18
Q
What direction are the external oblique fibres running?
A
Inferior and medial
19
Q
What muscles make up the middle layer of the abdomen?
A
Rectus abdominus
Internal oblique
20
Q
What direction are the rectus abdomens fibres running?
A
Vertical
21
Q
What direction are the internal oblique muscles running?
A
Inferior and lateral
22
Q
What muscles make up the deep layer of the abdomen?
A
Transversus abdominus
23
Q
What direction are the transverses abdominus fibres running?
A
Horizontal
24
Q
What is the function of the abdominal muscles?
A
Supports internal viscera
Increases abdominal pressure during contraction
25
What is the linea alba?
Where all the connective sheaths end
26
What makes up the anterior rectus sheath - above the arcuate line?
External oblique aponeurosis
| Internal oblique aponeurosis
27
What makes up the posterior rectus sheath - above the arcuate line?
Internal oblique aponeurosis
Transversalis abdominus aponeurosis
Transversalis fascia
28
What makes up the anterior rectus sheath - below the arcuate line?
External oblique aponeurosis
Internal oblique aponeurosis
Transversalis abdominus aponeurosis
29
What makes up the posterior rectus sheath - below the arcuate line?
Transversalis fascia
30
What are the three nerves that pierce the rectus sheath to supply cutaneous sensory innervation?
Subcostal
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
31
What is the root for the subcostal nerve?
T12
32
What is the root for the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1
33
What is the root for the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
34
What are the two superficial blood vessels within the rectus sheath?
Superior epigastric artery
| Inferior epigastric artery
35
What is the superior epigastric artery a branch of?
Internal thoracic/mammary artery
36
What is the inferior epigastric artery a branch of?
External iliac artery
37
Between what layers is the epigastric arteries located within the rectus sheath?
Superficial to the posterior rectus sheath
| Deep to the rectus abdominus muscle
38
What fascia folds upon itself to form the inguinal ligament?
External oblique aponeurosis
39
Where does the medial crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?
Symphysis pubis
40
Where does the lateral crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?
Pubic tubercle
41
Where does the lacunar ligament attach?
Pubic tubercle
42
Where the does the conjoint tendon attach? What is it attached to?
Internal oblique and transversalis abdominus attachment to the pubic crest
43
What forms the superficial inguninal ring?
External oblique aponeurosis
44
What forms the deep inguinal ring?
Transversalis fascia
45
What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?
Internal oblique
| Transversalis abdominus
46
What makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?
Inguinal ligament
| Lacunar ligament
47
What makes up the lateral/anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
External oblique
48
What makes up the medial/posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia
| Conjoint tendon
49
The spermatic cord in the male is the __ in the female?
Round ligament
50
What are the contents of the spermatic cord?
Vas defernes
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins
Genitofemoral artery
51
In males, what makes the inguinal canal?
Testicular development and descent
52
What pulls the testes down from the posterior body wall - during development?
Gubernaculum and caudal genital ligament
53
What extends into the scrotal swelling posterior to the vaginal process?
Gubernaculum testes
54
What is the vaginal process?
Extension of the abdominal cavity during testicular development
55
What attaches the testes to the scrotum during development and adulthood?
Gubernaculum testes
56
What are the remnants of the vaginal process in male adults?
Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis surrounds the visceral layer on testes
57
What is superficial to the external spermatic fascia in the scrotum?
Dartos muscle
58
What is the function of the dartos muscle?
Smooth muscle in the skin of scrotum causing it to wrinkle
59
What is the purpose of the dartos muscle?
Temperature regulation of the testes
60
What makes up the external spermatic fascia?
External oblique
61
What makes up the cremaster muscle?
Internal oblique
62
What makes up the internal spermatic fascia?
Transversalis fascia
63
What abdominal muscle does not contribute to testicular development?
Transversus abdominus
64
What is a vasectomy?
Severing of vas defernes
65
What is the cremaster reflex?
When temperature drops, the testes are pulled internally.
66
What are the three hernia sites?
Inguinal
Femoral
Obturator
67
Where is a direct hernia relative to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Medial
68
Where is an indirect hernia relative to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Lateral
69
What is the pathway of a direct hernia?
Pushes through the transversalis fascia
70
What is the pathway of an indirect hernia?
Follows inguinal canal
71
What is a way to test for a hernia?
Increase abdominal pressure (ie. cough) and watch for visible sign.
72
Where does the round ligament travel to in the female?
Labia majora
73
Where is a femoral hernia?
Runs through or with the femoral sheath
74
Where is an obturator hernia?
Through obturator membrane
75
When are you most likely to develop an umbilical hernia?
During development when the midgut rotates, infancy, pregnancy
76
What are extensions of the external oblique?
Inguinal ligament
Anterior rectus sheath
Superficial inguinal ring
External spermatic fascia
77
What are the extensions of the internal oblique?
Anterior and posterior rectus sheath
Cremaster muscle
Conjoint tendon
78
What are extensions of the transverses abdominus?
Posterior rectus sheath
| Conjoint tendon
79
What are the extension of the transversals fascia?
Internal spermatic fascia
| Posterior rectus sheath
80
What does the transversals fascia continue as?
Iliac, psoas and pelvic fascia
81
Where is McBurney's Point? What structure is deep to it?
Between the umbilicus and ASIS. Appendix is deep to McBurney's point.
82
What is the falciform ligament?
2 layers of parital peritoneum that attaches to the liver
83
What is at the base of the falciform ligament?
Ligamentum teres
84
What is the ligamentum teres remnants of?
Umbilical vein
85
What does the lateral umbilical fold cover?
Inferior epigastric vessels
86
What does the medial umbilical fold remnants of?
Umbilical arteries and ligaments
87
What is the medial umbilical fold remnants of?
Uracus
88
Where does the medial umbilical fold run?
Top of bladder to umbilicus
89
What is the purpose of the greater omentum?
Aids lymphatic tissue
| Can migrate through the abdominal cavity to site of infection
90
Where is the greater omentum attached?
Greater curvature of the stomach and superior surface of the transverse colon
91
What is the pathway of the umbilical vein in fetuses?
Umbilicus - through the liver - to IVC
92
Where is the lesser omentum found?
Between the lesser edge of the stomach and the liver
93
Where is the ventral mesentery in abdominal development?
On anterior and posterior sides of the liver
94
Where is the dorsal mesentery (mesogastrium) in abdominal development?
Between the stomach and spleen
95
What causes the formation of the lesser sac in development?
Organs shift away from midline
96
Where is the lesser sac?
Posterior and inferior to the stomach
| Between the liver and large intestine
97
What is the mesentery?
2 layers of peritoneum that come together to surround and support the small intestine - continuous with the posterior body wall
98
What is the 'doorway to the lesser cavity'?
Omental (epiploic) foramen
99
What runs around the omental foramen?
Heptaduodenal ligament
100
Where is the heptaduodenal ligament?
Free edge of the lesser omentum
101
What runs through the omental foramen?
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common bile duct
102
What are the 7 organs/components of the digestive system (directly related)?
```
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
```
103
During development, what are the components of the foregut?
Esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder
104
During development, what happens to the midgut? What are the components of the midgut?
Midgut exits through umbilicus - rotates and reenters the abdomen
Ilium and jejunum
105
During development, what are the components of the hind gut?
Allantois (bladder), cloaca, uracus
106
What are the retroperitoneal structures?
```
Kidneys and adrenal glands
50% of duodenum
Pancreas (head and body)
Esophagus
Rectum
Ascending and descending colon
Aorta and IVC
```
107
Where is the falciform ligament on the liver?
Separates the left and right lobes anteriorly
108
Where is the coronary ligament on the liver?
Superior surface
109
What is the bare area of the liver?
No visceral peritoneum because it is stuck to the diaphragm
110
What is another name for the hilum of the liver?
Porta hepatis
111
What is in the porta hepatis?
Right and left portal veins
Hepatic arteries
Hepatic ducts
112
Where does the caudate lobe get blood from?
Right and left hepatic arteries
113
Where does the quadrate lobe get blood from?
Left hepatic artery
114
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile
115
Where is the gall bladder relative to the lobes of the liver?
Between the right lobe and the quadrate lobe
116
What separates the right lobe and the caudate lobe of the liver?
IVC
117
What is another name for the lower esophageal sphincter of the stomach?
Cardiac sphincter
118
What is the purpose of the cardiac sphincter?
Prevents stomach acid from entering the esophagus
119
What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?
Prevents movement of food into the duodenum
120
What region(s) is the stomach in?
Left hypochondriac region
Epigastric
Umbilical
121
Where is the fundus of the stomach?
Area of the body of stomach that is above the cardiac sphincter
122
Where is the cardia of the stomach?
Area of the body of the stomach that leads to the cardiac sphincter
123
Where is the pylorus of the stomach?
Area of the body of the stomach that leads to the pyloric sphincter
124
When the stomach is empty, what are the folds on the inside of the stomach called?
Rugae
125
What is the purpose of the rugae in the stomach?
Allow the stomach to expand
126
What can cause spleen enlargement?
Mononucleosis and/or cancer
127
What is splenomeagaly?
Enlargement of the spleen into the lumbar region
128
What is the purpose of the spleen?
Filters flood, stores RBC
129
What is dangerous about a ruptured spleen?
Massive internal bleeding
130
What region of the abdomen is the spleen in?
Left hypochondriac region
131
What is the function of the pancreas?
Produces digestive enzymes
| Produces hormones insulin and glucagon
132
What does the uncinate process of the pancreas wrap around?
Superior mesenteric artery
133
What structures of the pancreas are retroparitoneal?
Head, body and uncinate process
134
What structures of the pancreas are intraparitoneal?
Tail
135
What wraps around the head of the pancreas?
Small intestine
136
What is significant about the small intestine at the head of the prancers?
Switches from the duodenum to the jejunum
137
Where do the hepatic ducts travel? What do they carry?
Carry bile from the lobes of the liver till they join at the common hepatic duct
138
How does bile get in or out of the gall bladder?
Cystic duct
139
When is the common bile duct formed?
When the common hepatic duct and cystic duct come together
140
What is the papilla in the biliary system?
Opening of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct into the duodenum - surrounded by sphincter
141
What travels in the main pancreatic duct?
Digestive enzymes from the pancreas
142
What is the function of the small intestine?
For the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients
143
What part of the small intestine is retroparitoneal?
Duodenum
144
What part of the small intestine is intraperitoneal?
Jejunum and ilium
145
What part of the small intestine is part of the foregut?
Duodenum
146
What part of the small intestine is part of the midgut?
Jejunum and ilium
147
What is the function of the large intestine?
Re-absorption of water and excretion of waste
148
What marks the transition between the large and small intestines?
Iliocecal junction
149
What part of the large intestine does the appendix attach to?
Cecum
150
Where is the hepatic flexure?
Between ascending and transverse colon
| Posterior to liver
151
Where is the splenic flexure?
Between transverse and descending colon
| Posterior to stomach
152
What are haustra?
Buldges/sacs in large intestine that slow flood down for water reabsorption
153
What are tenae coli?
Smooth muscle of the large intestine that create haustra
154
What are omental appendices?
Fat tabs of the large intestine
155
If the gall bladder is removed, where is bile stored?
Common bile duct
156
If the papilla is blocked, what will happen to the pancreas?
Digestive enzymes will breakdown the pancreas
157
What is the function of the rectum?
Storage of wastes until appropriate time for defecation
158
What part of the large intestine leads into the rectum?
Sigmoid colon
159
What can result from inflammation of the venous plexus around the anus?
Hemorrhoids
160
What is the result of contraction of the anal sphincter?
Holds contents inside body
161
What is the result of relaxation of the anal sphincter?
Defecation
162
What is the level of the celiac trunk?
T12
163
What is the level of the superior mesenteric artery?
L1
164
What is the level of the inferior mesenteric artery?
L3
165
What is the level of the right and left common iliac arteries
L4
166
What is an external landmark for the inferior mesenteric artery?
Umbilicus
167
What is an external landmark for the bifurcation of the aorta?
Iliac crest
168
What organs does the celiac trunk supply blood to?
```
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Duodenum
Lower esophagus
```
169
What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
170
Where does the left gastric artery run?
Lesser curvature of the stomach
171
Where does the splenic artery run?
Deep to stomach to spleen
| Along the greater curvature of the stomach
172
What are the three branches of the common hepatic artery?
Right gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery
173
Where does the right gastric artery run?
Lesser curvature of the stomach
174
Where does the hepatic artery run?
Through the omental foramen
175
Where does the gastroduodenal artery run?
Greater curvature of the stomach
176
Where is the celiac trunk relative to the celiac ganglion?
Celiac gangion sits superior to the celiac trunk
177
Where does the superior mesenteric artery emerge?
Between the body and uncinate process of the pancreas
178
What organs does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon
179
What are the three branches of the superior mesenteric artery?
Middle colic artery
Right colic artery
Intestinal arteries
180
Where does the middle colic artery run?
Transverse colon
181
Where does the right colic artery run?
Ascending colon and ceum
182
Where does the intestinal artery run?
Jejunum and ilium
183
What is the circular component of the intestinal artery?
Arcades
184
What is the vertical component of the intestinal artery?
Vasa recta
185
What part of the small intestine are there more arcades?
Ilium
186
What part of the small intestine are there longer vasa recta?
Jejunum
187
What are the three branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
Left colic
Sigmoidal
Superior rectal
188
Where does the left colic artery run to?
Descending colon
189
Where does the sigmoidal artery run to?
Sigmoid colon
190
Where does the superior rectal artery run to?
Superior 1/3 of rectum
191
How does the superior and inferior mesenteric artery anastomose?
Marginal artery
| Between left colic (IMA) and middle colic (SMA)
192
What are the five paired branches of the abdominal aorta?
```
Inferior phrenic
Middle suprarenal
Renal
Gonadal
Lumbar
```
193
What does the inferior phrenic artery supply?
Diaphragm and adrenal glands
194
What does the middle suprarenal artery supply?
Adrenal glands
195
What does the renal artery supply?
Renal
196
What is the gonadal artery known as in the male?
Testicular
197
What is the gonadal artery known as in the female?
Ovarian
198
How many lumbar arteries there there (on each side)?
4
199
What do the lumbar arteries supply?
Abdominal wall
200
What drains into the portal venous system?
```
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Spleen
Pancreas
Gallbladder
```
201
Why is the portal venous system so important?
It collects the nutrients that have been digested
202
What are the two main contributors of the portal vein?
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
203
What is the branch off the splenic vein?
Inferior mesenteric vein
204
What is a small branch off of the portal vein?
Gastric vein
205
Where does the portal vein drain into?
Liver (hepatic veins)
206
Where does the hepatic veins drain into?
IVC
207
How is blood redirected if there is a blockage in the IVC?
Blood travels through the lumbar veins into the azygos system
208
Where is the renal artery relative to the renal vein?
Renal artery is posterior to the renal vein
209
Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?
Left renal vein
210
Where does the right gonadal vein drain into?
IVC
211
What opening in the diaphragm does the central tendon surround?
T8 caval
212
What opening does the medial arcuate ligament form in the diaphragm?
T10 esophageal
213
What opening does the median arcuate ligament form in the diaphragm?
T12 aortic
214
What is the purpose of the central tendon?
Gives strength
| Important during respiration
215
What structure does the medial arcuate ligament wrap around?
Psoas
216
What structure does the median arcuate ligament wrap around?
Abdominal aorta
217
What structure does the lateral arcuate ligament wrap around?
Quadratus lumborum
218
What is the origin and insertion of the posas muscle?
O: lumbar bodies, transverse vertebral process
I: lesser trochanter
219
What is the origin and insertion of the illiacus muscle?
O: iliac fossa
I: lesser trochanter
220
What is the origin and insertion of the quadrates lumborum?
O: 12th rib and transverse vertebral processes
I: Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
221
What is the origin and insertion of the transversus abdominus?
O: 7-12th costal cartilages
I: Linea alba
222
What is the landmark for the subcostal nerve? What is the nerve root?
Comes out from under rib 12
| Root T12
223
What is the landmark for the iliohypogastric nerve?
| What is the nerve root?
Runs over psoas - can be attached to ilioinguinal
| L1
224
What is the landmark for the ilioinguinal nerve?
| What is the nerve root?
Runs over psoas - can be attached to iliohypogastric
| L1
225
What is the landmark for the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
What is the nerve root?
Comes out from under psoas
| L2-3
226
What is the landmark for the femoral nerve?
Comes out from under the posas muscle and runs under the inguinal ligament
L2-4
227
What is the landmark for the genitofemoral nerve?
| What is the nerve root?
Pierces posas
| L1-2
228
What is the landmark for the obturator nerve?
Medial to psoas. Runs through obturator foramen.
229
What are the three ganglion of the ANS?
Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion
230
What sympathetic nerve gives rise to the celiac ganglion?
Greater splanchnic nerve
231
What sympathetic nerve gives rise to the superior mesenteric ganglion?
Leser splanchnic nerve
232
What sympathetic nerve gives rise to the inferior mesenteric ganglion?
Least splanchnic nerve
233
Where do the post celiac ganglionic fibres go to ?
Foregut (stomach, spleen, liver, kidney, SI)
234
Where do the post superior mesenteric ganglionic fibres go to?
Midgut (SI, colon)
235
Where do the post inferior mesenteric ganglionic fibres go to?
Hindgut (distal colon, rectum)
Bladder
Genital organs
236
What does the left vagus nerve become when it passes through the diaphragm?
Anterior vagus nerve
237
What does the right vagus nerve become when it passes through the diaphragm?
Posterior vagus nerve
238
What is characteristic about parasympathetic post ganglionic fibres?
Very short
239
Where does the vagus nerve act in the abdomen?
Descending colon
| Splenic flexure
240
How are the pelvis splanchnic nerves different from the greater/lesser/least splanchnic nerves?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic
| Greater/lesser/least splanchnic nerves are sympathetic
241
What type of nerves are the hypogastric plexus?
Parasympathetic
242
Where is the hypogastric plexus found?
At junction of common iliac arteries
243
What nerves are considered to be craniosacral?
Parasympathetic
244
What nerves are considered to be thoracolumbar?
Sympathetic
245
What are the three means of something being innervated by sympathetic nerves?
1. Synapse at sympathetic chain; innervate organs by cardiac or pulmonary plexus
2. Synapse further down on chain and possibly make connection with glands in periphery
3. Travel through spinal cord without synapsing and synapse at the celiac/inferior mesenteric ganglion
246
What are the nerve roots for sympathetic nerves?
T1
| L1/2
247
What are the nerve roots for parasympathetic nerves?
Cn N 3, 7, 9, 10
| S2-4
248
What type of ANS fibres go to the periphery?
Sympathetic
249
Where are the cell bodies of the ANS located?
Lateral horn in spinal cord
250
What is the lateral horn in the spinal cord?
Extension of grey matter
251
How much of the cranio-sacral outflow does the vagus nerve contribute to?
80%
252
How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the eye?
Dilation of pupil
253
How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the sweat glands?
Stimulation
254
How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the salivary gland?
Inhibits secretion
255
How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the lungs?
Dilation
256
How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the heart?
Increases heart rate
257
How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the abdominal organs?
Decreases motility
258
How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the sex organs?
Ejaculation in males
259
How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the eye?
Constriction of pupil
260
How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the sweat glands?
*Sympathetic NS does not travel in periphery.*
261
How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the salivary glands?
Stimuation
262
How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the lungs?
Constriction
263
How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the heart?
Decrease heart rate
264
How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the abdominal organs?
Increases motility
265
How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the sex organs?
Erection in females and males
266
Which kidney is lower? Why?
Right kidney is lower
| Kidneys develop in pelvis and ascend during development but the right kidney is stopped by the liver.
267
What are the kidneys protected by?
Ribs 11 and 12
268
Which suprarenal gland is a triangle shape?
Right
269
Which suprarenal gland is a semilunar shape?
Left
270
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
Corticosteroid production
Androgen production
Catecholamine production
271
Where is the ureter relative to the iliac vessels?
Superficial
272
Where is the ureter relative to the gonadal vessels?
Deep
273
What does the ureter pass under in females?
Uterine artery
274
What does the ureter pass under in males?
Vas defernes
275
Where is the referred pain originating in the kidney?
"Loin to groin"
276
What causes referred pain from the kidneys?
Nerves of posterior body wall provide anterior peripheral innervation (ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric)
277
What surrounds the kidney?
Renal capusle
278
What is the renal papilla?
Opening of the pyramids into minor calyxes
279
How many major calyx are there in each kidney?
3
280
Where do the major calyx drain into?
Renal pelvis
281
Where does the renal pelvis drain into?
Ureter
282
Where is the renal sinus?
Superior to the ureter
283
What is in the renal sinus?
Fat
284
What lies directly beneath the renal fascia and on the capsule?
Perirenal fat
285
What lies on the renal fascia?
Pararenal fat
