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Western > Anatomy: Abdomen > Flashcards

Anatomy: Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior lateral regions called?

A

Right or left hypochondriac region

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2
Q

What structures lie on top of the hypochondriac regions?

A

Costal cartilage

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3
Q

What is the middle lateral regions called?

A

Right or left lumbar regions

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4
Q

What is the inferior lateral regions called?

A

Right or left inguinal

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5
Q

What is the superior middle region called?

A

Epigastric

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6
Q

What the middle middle region called?

A

Umbilical

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7
Q

What is the inferior middle region called?

A

Suprapubic

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8
Q

What separates the regions horizontally? (What is the vertical line?)

A

Mid clavicular lines

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9
Q

What separates the hypochondriac and lumbar regions vertically? (What runs horizontally?)

A

Subcostal line

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10
Q

What separates the lumbar and inguinal regions vertically? (What runs horizontally?)

A

Transtubercular line

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11
Q

What level is the subcostal line?

A

Rib 10

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12
Q

What level is the transtubercular line?

A

L5

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13
Q

What is another name for the hypogastric region?

A

Suprapubic region

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14
Q

How many tendinous insertions are there?

A

3 on each side

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15
Q

What is the line semilinaris?

A

Lateral outline of the rectus abdominus

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16
Q

What are the attachment points for all of the abdominal muscles?

A

Lower ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba

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17
Q

What muscles make up the superficial layer of the abdomen?

A

External oblique

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18
Q

What direction are the external oblique fibres running?

A

Inferior and medial

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19
Q

What muscles make up the middle layer of the abdomen?

A

Rectus abdominus

Internal oblique

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20
Q

What direction are the rectus abdomens fibres running?

A

Vertical

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21
Q

What direction are the internal oblique muscles running?

A

Inferior and lateral

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22
Q

What muscles make up the deep layer of the abdomen?

A

Transversus abdominus

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23
Q

What direction are the transverses abdominus fibres running?

A

Horizontal

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24
Q

What is the function of the abdominal muscles?

A

Supports internal viscera

Increases abdominal pressure during contraction

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25
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Where all the connective sheaths end

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26
Q

What makes up the anterior rectus sheath - above the arcuate line?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

Internal oblique aponeurosis

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27
Q

What makes up the posterior rectus sheath - above the arcuate line?

A

Internal oblique aponeurosis
Transversalis abdominus aponeurosis
Transversalis fascia

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28
Q

What makes up the anterior rectus sheath - below the arcuate line?

A

External oblique aponeurosis
Internal oblique aponeurosis
Transversalis abdominus aponeurosis

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29
Q

What makes up the posterior rectus sheath - below the arcuate line?

A

Transversalis fascia

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30
Q

What are the three nerves that pierce the rectus sheath to supply cutaneous sensory innervation?

A

Subcostal
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal

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31
Q

What is the root for the subcostal nerve?

A

T12

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32
Q

What is the root for the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L1

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33
Q

What is the root for the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

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34
Q

What are the two superficial blood vessels within the rectus sheath?

A

Superior epigastric artery

Inferior epigastric artery

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35
Q

What is the superior epigastric artery a branch of?

A

Internal thoracic/mammary artery

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36
Q

What is the inferior epigastric artery a branch of?

A

External iliac artery

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37
Q

Between what layers is the epigastric arteries located within the rectus sheath?

A

Superficial to the posterior rectus sheath

Deep to the rectus abdominus muscle

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38
Q

What fascia folds upon itself to form the inguinal ligament?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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39
Q

Where does the medial crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?

A

Symphysis pubis

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40
Q

Where does the lateral crus of the superficial inguinal ring attach?

A

Pubic tubercle

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41
Q

Where does the lacunar ligament attach?

A

Pubic tubercle

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42
Q

Where the does the conjoint tendon attach? What is it attached to?

A

Internal oblique and transversalis abdominus attachment to the pubic crest

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43
Q

What forms the superficial inguninal ring?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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44
Q

What forms the deep inguinal ring?

A

Transversalis fascia

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45
Q

What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Internal oblique

Transversalis abdominus

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46
Q

What makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

Lacunar ligament

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47
Q

What makes up the lateral/anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

External oblique

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48
Q

What makes up the medial/posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

Conjoint tendon

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49
Q

The spermatic cord in the male is the __ in the female?

A

Round ligament

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50
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

A

Vas defernes
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins
Genitofemoral artery

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51
Q

In males, what makes the inguinal canal?

A

Testicular development and descent

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52
Q

What pulls the testes down from the posterior body wall - during development?

A

Gubernaculum and caudal genital ligament

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53
Q

What extends into the scrotal swelling posterior to the vaginal process?

A

Gubernaculum testes

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54
Q

What is the vaginal process?

A

Extension of the abdominal cavity during testicular development

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55
Q

What attaches the testes to the scrotum during development and adulthood?

A

Gubernaculum testes

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56
Q

What are the remnants of the vaginal process in male adults?

A

Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis surrounds the visceral layer on testes

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57
Q

What is superficial to the external spermatic fascia in the scrotum?

A

Dartos muscle

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58
Q

What is the function of the dartos muscle?

A

Smooth muscle in the skin of scrotum causing it to wrinkle

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59
Q

What is the purpose of the dartos muscle?

A

Temperature regulation of the testes

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60
Q

What makes up the external spermatic fascia?

A

External oblique

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61
Q

What makes up the cremaster muscle?

A

Internal oblique

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62
Q

What makes up the internal spermatic fascia?

A

Transversalis fascia

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63
Q

What abdominal muscle does not contribute to testicular development?

A

Transversus abdominus

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64
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Severing of vas defernes

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65
Q

What is the cremaster reflex?

A

When temperature drops, the testes are pulled internally.

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66
Q

What are the three hernia sites?

A

Inguinal
Femoral
Obturator

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67
Q

Where is a direct hernia relative to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Medial

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68
Q

Where is an indirect hernia relative to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Lateral

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69
Q

What is the pathway of a direct hernia?

A

Pushes through the transversalis fascia

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70
Q

What is the pathway of an indirect hernia?

A

Follows inguinal canal

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71
Q

What is a way to test for a hernia?

A

Increase abdominal pressure (ie. cough) and watch for visible sign.

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72
Q

Where does the round ligament travel to in the female?

A

Labia majora

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73
Q

Where is a femoral hernia?

A

Runs through or with the femoral sheath

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74
Q

Where is an obturator hernia?

A

Through obturator membrane

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75
Q

When are you most likely to develop an umbilical hernia?

A

During development when the midgut rotates, infancy, pregnancy

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76
Q

What are extensions of the external oblique?

A

Inguinal ligament
Anterior rectus sheath
Superficial inguinal ring
External spermatic fascia

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77
Q

What are the extensions of the internal oblique?

A

Anterior and posterior rectus sheath
Cremaster muscle
Conjoint tendon

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78
Q

What are extensions of the transverses abdominus?

A

Posterior rectus sheath

Conjoint tendon

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79
Q

What are the extension of the transversals fascia?

A

Internal spermatic fascia

Posterior rectus sheath

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80
Q

What does the transversals fascia continue as?

A

Iliac, psoas and pelvic fascia

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81
Q

Where is McBurney’s Point? What structure is deep to it?

A

Between the umbilicus and ASIS. Appendix is deep to McBurney’s point.

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82
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

2 layers of parital peritoneum that attaches to the liver

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83
Q

What is at the base of the falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres

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84
Q

What is the ligamentum teres remnants of?

A

Umbilical vein

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85
Q

What does the lateral umbilical fold cover?

A

Inferior epigastric vessels

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86
Q

What does the medial umbilical fold remnants of?

A

Umbilical arteries and ligaments

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87
Q

What is the medial umbilical fold remnants of?

A

Uracus

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88
Q

Where does the medial umbilical fold run?

A

Top of bladder to umbilicus

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89
Q

What is the purpose of the greater omentum?

A

Aids lymphatic tissue

Can migrate through the abdominal cavity to site of infection

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90
Q

Where is the greater omentum attached?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach and superior surface of the transverse colon

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91
Q

What is the pathway of the umbilical vein in fetuses?

A

Umbilicus - through the liver - to IVC

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92
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found?

A

Between the lesser edge of the stomach and the liver

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93
Q

Where is the ventral mesentery in abdominal development?

A

On anterior and posterior sides of the liver

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94
Q

Where is the dorsal mesentery (mesogastrium) in abdominal development?

A

Between the stomach and spleen

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95
Q

What causes the formation of the lesser sac in development?

A

Organs shift away from midline

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96
Q

Where is the lesser sac?

A

Posterior and inferior to the stomach

Between the liver and large intestine

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97
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

2 layers of peritoneum that come together to surround and support the small intestine - continuous with the posterior body wall

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98
Q

What is the ‘doorway to the lesser cavity’?

A

Omental (epiploic) foramen

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99
Q

What runs around the omental foramen?

A

Heptaduodenal ligament

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100
Q

Where is the heptaduodenal ligament?

A

Free edge of the lesser omentum

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101
Q

What runs through the omental foramen?

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common bile duct

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102
Q

What are the 7 organs/components of the digestive system (directly related)?

A 
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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103
Q

During development, what are the components of the foregut?

A

Esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder

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104
Q

During development, what happens to the midgut? What are the components of the midgut?

A

Midgut exits through umbilicus - rotates and reenters the abdomen
Ilium and jejunum

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105
Q

During development, what are the components of the hind gut?

A

Allantois (bladder), cloaca, uracus

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106
Q

What are the retroperitoneal structures?

A 
Kidneys and adrenal glands
50% of duodenum
Pancreas (head and body)
Esophagus
Rectum
Ascending and descending colon
Aorta and IVC
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107
Q

Where is the falciform ligament on the liver?

A

Separates the left and right lobes anteriorly

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108
Q

Where is the coronary ligament on the liver?

A

Superior surface

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109
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

No visceral peritoneum because it is stuck to the diaphragm

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110
Q

What is another name for the hilum of the liver?

A

Porta hepatis

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111
Q

What is in the porta hepatis?

A

Right and left portal veins
Hepatic arteries
Hepatic ducts

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112
Q

Where does the caudate lobe get blood from?

A

Right and left hepatic arteries

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113
Q

Where does the quadrate lobe get blood from?

A

Left hepatic artery

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114
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produces bile

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115
Q

Where is the gall bladder relative to the lobes of the liver?

A

Between the right lobe and the quadrate lobe

116
Q

What separates the right lobe and the caudate lobe of the liver?

A

IVC

117
Q

What is another name for the lower esophageal sphincter of the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter

118
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiac sphincter?

A

Prevents stomach acid from entering the esophagus

119
Q

What is the purpose of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Prevents movement of food into the duodenum

120
Q

What region(s) is the stomach in?

A

Left hypochondriac region
Epigastric
Umbilical

121
Q

Where is the fundus of the stomach?

A

Area of the body of stomach that is above the cardiac sphincter

122
Q

Where is the cardia of the stomach?

A

Area of the body of the stomach that leads to the cardiac sphincter

123
Q

Where is the pylorus of the stomach?

A

Area of the body of the stomach that leads to the pyloric sphincter

124
Q

When the stomach is empty, what are the folds on the inside of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

125
Q

What is the purpose of the rugae in the stomach?

A

Allow the stomach to expand

126
Q

What can cause spleen enlargement?

A

Mononucleosis and/or cancer

127
Q

What is splenomeagaly?

A

Enlargement of the spleen into the lumbar region

128
Q

What is the purpose of the spleen?

A

Filters flood, stores RBC

129
Q

What is dangerous about a ruptured spleen?

A

Massive internal bleeding

130
Q

What region of the abdomen is the spleen in?

A

Left hypochondriac region

131
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive enzymes

Produces hormones insulin and glucagon

132
Q

What does the uncinate process of the pancreas wrap around?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

133
Q

What structures of the pancreas are retroparitoneal?

A

Head, body and uncinate process

134
Q

What structures of the pancreas are intraparitoneal?

A

Tail

135
Q

What wraps around the head of the pancreas?

A

Small intestine

136
Q

What is significant about the small intestine at the head of the prancers?

A

Switches from the duodenum to the jejunum

137
Q

Where do the hepatic ducts travel? What do they carry?

A

Carry bile from the lobes of the liver till they join at the common hepatic duct

138
Q

How does bile get in or out of the gall bladder?

A

Cystic duct

139
Q

When is the common bile duct formed?

A

When the common hepatic duct and cystic duct come together

140
Q

What is the papilla in the biliary system?

A

Opening of the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct into the duodenum - surrounded by sphincter

141
Q

What travels in the main pancreatic duct?

A

Digestive enzymes from the pancreas

142
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

For the digestion and absorption of food and nutrients

143
Q

What part of the small intestine is retroparitoneal?

A

Duodenum

144
Q

What part of the small intestine is intraperitoneal?

A

Jejunum and ilium

145
Q

What part of the small intestine is part of the foregut?

A

Duodenum

146
Q

What part of the small intestine is part of the midgut?

A

Jejunum and ilium

147
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Re-absorption of water and excretion of waste

148
Q

What marks the transition between the large and small intestines?

A

Iliocecal junction

149
Q

What part of the large intestine does the appendix attach to?

A

Cecum

150
Q

Where is the hepatic flexure?

A

Between ascending and transverse colon

Posterior to liver

151
Q

Where is the splenic flexure?

A

Between transverse and descending colon

Posterior to stomach

152
Q

What are haustra?

A

Buldges/sacs in large intestine that slow flood down for water reabsorption

153
Q

What are tenae coli?

A

Smooth muscle of the large intestine that create haustra

154
Q

What are omental appendices?

A

Fat tabs of the large intestine

155
Q

If the gall bladder is removed, where is bile stored?

A

Common bile duct

156
Q

If the papilla is blocked, what will happen to the pancreas?

A

Digestive enzymes will breakdown the pancreas

157
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

Storage of wastes until appropriate time for defecation

158
Q

What part of the large intestine leads into the rectum?

A

Sigmoid colon

159
Q

What can result from inflammation of the venous plexus around the anus?

A

Hemorrhoids

160
Q

What is the result of contraction of the anal sphincter?

A

Holds contents inside body

161
Q

What is the result of relaxation of the anal sphincter?

A

Defecation

162
Q

What is the level of the celiac trunk?

A

T12

163
Q

What is the level of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

L1

164
Q

What is the level of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

L3

165
Q

What is the level of the right and left common iliac arteries

A

L4

166
Q

What is an external landmark for the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Umbilicus

167
Q

What is an external landmark for the bifurcation of the aorta?

A

Iliac crest

168
Q

What organs does the celiac trunk supply blood to?

A 
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Duodenum
Lower esophagus
169
Q

What are the three branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

170
Q

Where does the left gastric artery run?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach

171
Q

Where does the splenic artery run?

A

Deep to stomach to spleen

Along the greater curvature of the stomach

172
Q

What are the three branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

Right gastric artery
Hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery

173
Q

Where does the right gastric artery run?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach

174
Q

Where does the hepatic artery run?

A

Through the omental foramen

175
Q

Where does the gastroduodenal artery run?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach

176
Q

Where is the celiac trunk relative to the celiac ganglion?

A

Celiac gangion sits superior to the celiac trunk

177
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery emerge?

A

Between the body and uncinate process of the pancreas

178
Q

What organs does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon

179
Q

What are the three branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Middle colic artery
Right colic artery
Intestinal arteries

180
Q

Where does the middle colic artery run?

A

Transverse colon

181
Q

Where does the right colic artery run?

A

Ascending colon and ceum

182
Q

Where does the intestinal artery run?

A

Jejunum and ilium

183
Q

What is the circular component of the intestinal artery?

A

Arcades

184
Q

What is the vertical component of the intestinal artery?

A

Vasa recta

185
Q

What part of the small intestine are there more arcades?

A

Ilium

186
Q

What part of the small intestine are there longer vasa recta?

A

Jejunum

187
Q

What are the three branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic
Sigmoidal
Superior rectal

188
Q

Where does the left colic artery run to?

A

Descending colon

189
Q

Where does the sigmoidal artery run to?

A

Sigmoid colon

190
Q

Where does the superior rectal artery run to?

A

Superior 1/3 of rectum

191
Q

How does the superior and inferior mesenteric artery anastomose?

A

Marginal artery

Between left colic (IMA) and middle colic (SMA)

192
Q

What are the five paired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A 
Inferior phrenic
Middle suprarenal
Renal
Gonadal
Lumbar
193
Q

What does the inferior phrenic artery supply?

A

Diaphragm and adrenal glands

194
Q

What does the middle suprarenal artery supply?

A

Adrenal glands

195
Q

What does the renal artery supply?

A

Renal

196
Q

What is the gonadal artery known as in the male?

A

Testicular

197
Q

What is the gonadal artery known as in the female?

A

Ovarian

198
Q

How many lumbar arteries there there (on each side)?

A

4

199
Q

What do the lumbar arteries supply?

A

Abdominal wall

200
Q

What drains into the portal venous system?

A 
Stomach
Small intestine
Colon
Spleen
Pancreas
Gallbladder
201
Q

Why is the portal venous system so important?

A

It collects the nutrients that have been digested

202
Q

What are the two main contributors of the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

203
Q

What is the branch off the splenic vein?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

204
Q

What is a small branch off of the portal vein?

A

Gastric vein

205
Q

Where does the portal vein drain into?

A

Liver (hepatic veins)

206
Q

Where does the hepatic veins drain into?

A

IVC

207
Q

How is blood redirected if there is a blockage in the IVC?

A

Blood travels through the lumbar veins into the azygos system

208
Q

Where is the renal artery relative to the renal vein?

A

Renal artery is posterior to the renal vein

209
Q

Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

210
Q

Where does the right gonadal vein drain into?

A

IVC

211
Q

What opening in the diaphragm does the central tendon surround?

A

T8 caval

212
Q

What opening does the medial arcuate ligament form in the diaphragm?

A

T10 esophageal

213
Q

What opening does the median arcuate ligament form in the diaphragm?

A

T12 aortic

214
Q

What is the purpose of the central tendon?

A

Gives strength

Important during respiration

215
Q

What structure does the medial arcuate ligament wrap around?

A

Psoas

216
Q

What structure does the median arcuate ligament wrap around?

A

Abdominal aorta

217
Q

What structure does the lateral arcuate ligament wrap around?

A

Quadratus lumborum

218
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the posas muscle?

A

O: lumbar bodies, transverse vertebral process
I: lesser trochanter

219
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the illiacus muscle?

A

O: iliac fossa
I: lesser trochanter

220
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the quadrates lumborum?

A

O: 12th rib and transverse vertebral processes
I: Iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament

221
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the transversus abdominus?

A

O: 7-12th costal cartilages
I: Linea alba

222
Q

What is the landmark for the subcostal nerve? What is the nerve root?

A

Comes out from under rib 12

Root T12

223
Q

What is the landmark for the iliohypogastric nerve?

What is the nerve root?

A

Runs over psoas - can be attached to ilioinguinal

L1

224
Q

What is the landmark for the ilioinguinal nerve?

What is the nerve root?

A

Runs over psoas - can be attached to iliohypogastric

L1

225
Q

What is the landmark for the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?
What is the nerve root?

A

Comes out from under psoas

L2-3

226
Q

What is the landmark for the femoral nerve?

A

Comes out from under the posas muscle and runs under the inguinal ligament
L2-4

227
Q

What is the landmark for the genitofemoral nerve?

What is the nerve root?

A

Pierces posas

L1-2

228
Q

What is the landmark for the obturator nerve?

A

Medial to psoas. Runs through obturator foramen.

229
Q

What are the three ganglion of the ANS?

A

Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion

230
Q

What sympathetic nerve gives rise to the celiac ganglion?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve

231
Q

What sympathetic nerve gives rise to the superior mesenteric ganglion?

A

Leser splanchnic nerve

232
Q

What sympathetic nerve gives rise to the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

A

Least splanchnic nerve

233
Q

Where do the post celiac ganglionic fibres go to ?

A

Foregut (stomach, spleen, liver, kidney, SI)

234
Q

Where do the post superior mesenteric ganglionic fibres go to?

A

Midgut (SI, colon)

235
Q

Where do the post inferior mesenteric ganglionic fibres go to?

A

Hindgut (distal colon, rectum)
Bladder
Genital organs

236
Q

What does the left vagus nerve become when it passes through the diaphragm?

A

Anterior vagus nerve

237
Q

What does the right vagus nerve become when it passes through the diaphragm?

A

Posterior vagus nerve

238
Q

What is characteristic about parasympathetic post ganglionic fibres?

A

Very short

239
Q

Where does the vagus nerve act in the abdomen?

A

Descending colon

Splenic flexure

240
Q

How are the pelvis splanchnic nerves different from the greater/lesser/least splanchnic nerves?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic

Greater/lesser/least splanchnic nerves are sympathetic

241
Q

What type of nerves are the hypogastric plexus?

A

Parasympathetic

242
Q

Where is the hypogastric plexus found?

A

At junction of common iliac arteries

243
Q

What nerves are considered to be craniosacral?

A

Parasympathetic

244
Q

What nerves are considered to be thoracolumbar?

A

Sympathetic

245
Q

What are the three means of something being innervated by sympathetic nerves?

A
  1. Synapse at sympathetic chain; innervate organs by cardiac or pulmonary plexus
  2. Synapse further down on chain and possibly make connection with glands in periphery
  3. Travel through spinal cord without synapsing and synapse at the celiac/inferior mesenteric ganglion
246
Q

What are the nerve roots for sympathetic nerves?

A

T1

L1/2

247
Q

What are the nerve roots for parasympathetic nerves?

A

Cn N 3, 7, 9, 10

S2-4

248
Q

What type of ANS fibres go to the periphery?

A

Sympathetic

249
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the ANS located?

A

Lateral horn in spinal cord

250
Q

What is the lateral horn in the spinal cord?

A

Extension of grey matter

251
Q

How much of the cranio-sacral outflow does the vagus nerve contribute to?

A

80%

252
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the eye?

A

Dilation of pupil

253
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the sweat glands?

A

Stimulation

254
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the salivary gland?

A

Inhibits secretion

255
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the lungs?

A

Dilation

256
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the heart?

A

Increases heart rate

257
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the abdominal organs?

A

Decreases motility

258
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system effect the sex organs?

A

Ejaculation in males

259
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the eye?

A

Constriction of pupil

260
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic NS does not travel in periphery.

261
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the salivary glands?

A

Stimuation

262
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the lungs?

A

Constriction

263
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the heart?

A

Decrease heart rate

264
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the abdominal organs?

A

Increases motility

265
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the sex organs?

A

Erection in females and males

266
Q

Which kidney is lower? Why?

A

Right kidney is lower

Kidneys develop in pelvis and ascend during development but the right kidney is stopped by the liver.

267
Q

What are the kidneys protected by?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

268
Q

Which suprarenal gland is a triangle shape?

A

Right

269
Q

Which suprarenal gland is a semilunar shape?

A

Left

270
Q

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

A

Corticosteroid production
Androgen production
Catecholamine production

271
Q

Where is the ureter relative to the iliac vessels?

A

Superficial

272
Q

Where is the ureter relative to the gonadal vessels?

A

Deep

273
Q

What does the ureter pass under in females?

A

Uterine artery

274
Q

What does the ureter pass under in males?

A

Vas defernes

275
Q

Where is the referred pain originating in the kidney?

A

“Loin to groin”

276
Q

What causes referred pain from the kidneys?

A

Nerves of posterior body wall provide anterior peripheral innervation (ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric)

277
Q

What surrounds the kidney?

A

Renal capusle

278
Q

What is the renal papilla?

A

Opening of the pyramids into minor calyxes

279
Q

How many major calyx are there in each kidney?

A

3

280
Q

Where do the major calyx drain into?

A

Renal pelvis

281
Q

Where does the renal pelvis drain into?

A

Ureter

282
Q

Where is the renal sinus?

A

Superior to the ureter

283
Q

What is in the renal sinus?

A

Fat

284
Q

What lies directly beneath the renal fascia and on the capsule?

A

Perirenal fat

285
Q

What lies on the renal fascia?

A

Pararenal fat

Western (14 decks)

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