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Western > Anatomy: Neck > Flashcards

Anatomy: Neck Flashcards

1
Q

How does the internal carotid artery get through the skull?

A

Carotid canal

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2
Q

Forced rotation of the head or hyperextension of the neck can cause damage to which structure?

A

Vertebral artery

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3
Q

How does the vertebral artery travel up the neck?

A

Through the transverse foramen (formed from transverse processes)

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4
Q

Which cervical vertebrae does the vertebral artery pass through?

A

C1-C6

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5
Q

What are of the brain does the vertebral artery supply?

A

Posterior brain

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6
Q

What artery does the vertebral artery lead into?

A

Basilar

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7
Q

What artery comes off of the basilar artery in the circle of willis?

A

Posterior cerebral

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8
Q

What artery connects the posterior cerebral (basilar) and anterior cerebral?

A

Posterior communicating

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9
Q

What branches does the internal carotid artery give off?

A

Middle cerebral

Anterior cerebral

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10
Q

What is the artery that joins the two anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior communicating

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11
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery in the circle of willis relative to the cranial nerves?

A

Directly inferior to Cn N II

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12
Q

Where is the anterior cerebral artery relative to the cranial nerves?

A

Directly medial to Cn N I

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13
Q

What lobes of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial frontal and parietal

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14
Q

What lobes of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Temporal, occipital and cerebellum

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15
Q

Where does the middle cerebral artery travel?

A

Lateral sulcus

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16
Q

What lobes of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Temporal, lateral frontal, parietal

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17
Q

If there was a blockage in the anterior cerebral artery, what brain functions would be impaired?

A

Personality

Some motor and sensory

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18
Q

If there was a blockage in the middle cerebral artery, what brain functions would be impaired?

A

Speech, motor and sensory

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19
Q

What is the anagram used to remember the branches of the external carotid artery?

A

[A] Smart Lady Figured Out PMS

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20
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A 
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular 
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
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21
Q

How does the middle meningeal artery pass through the skull?

A

Foramen spinosum

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22
Q

What structures does the superficial thyroid artery sit on top of?

A

Superior omohyoid

Thyrohyoid

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23
Q

What structure does the superficial thyroid artery sit under?

A

Platysma

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24
Q

What structures does the lingual artery sit on top of?

A

Hyoid

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25
Q

What structures is the lingual artery deep to?

A

Angle of mandible
Posterior digastric
Platysma

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26
Q

What structures is the facial artery superficial to?

A

Mandible

Maxilla

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27
Q

What structures is the facial artery deep to?

A

Platysma

Zygomaticus major/minor

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27
Q

What structures is the occipital artery superficial to?

A

Occipitalis

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28
Q

What structures is the occipital artery deep to?

A

SCM
Splenius capitus
Mastoid process of temporal bone

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29
Q

What structures is the posterior auricular artery superficial to?

A

Tympanic portion of the temporal bone

Temporalis

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30
Q

What structures is the posterior auricular artery deep to?

A

Nothing

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31
Q

What structures is the maxillary artery superficial to?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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32
Q

What structures is the maxillary artery deep to?

A

Head of mandible
Zygomatic bone
Masseter

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34
Q

What structures is the superficial temporal artery superficial to?

A

Temporal bone

Temporalis

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35
Q

What structures is the superficial temporal artery deep to?

A

Nothing

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36
Q

Where does the right subclavian artery branch from?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

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37
Q

Where does the left subclavian artery branch from?

A

Aorta

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38
Q

What is the first branch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic

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39
Q

What is the second branch of the aorta?

A

Left common carotid

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40
Q

What is the third branch of the aorta?

A

Left subclavian artery

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41
Q

What is the first branch of the right subclavian artery?

A

Right common carotid artery

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42
Q

What is the second branch of the right subclavian artery?

A

Vertebral artery

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43
Q

What is the third branch of the subclavian artery?

A

Thyrovervical trunk

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44
Q

What are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A

Suprascapular artery
Transverse cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery

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45
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal arteries come from?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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46
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery?

A

Right subclavian artery

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47
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal arteries come from?

A

Decending aorta

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48
Q

The middle meningeal artery is a branch of what external carotid branch?

A

Maxillary artery

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49
Q

What is the danger of trauma to the pterion?

A

The middle meningeal artery is deep to the pterion - can rupture

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50
Q

What are the bones that make up the pterion?

A

Sphenoid
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal

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51
Q

A ruptured middle meningeal artery is an example of what type of hematoma?

A

Extra/epidural hematoma

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52
Q

A brain scan of a extradural hematoma patient can show what other visual signs?

A

Shift of faux cerebri

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53
Q

What vein runs across the sternocleidomastoid?

A

External jugular vein

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54
Q

What are the two branches of the superior vena cava?

A

Right brachiocephalic

Left brachiocephalic

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55
Q

What does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

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56
Q

What are the two branches of the external jugular vein?

A

Anterior jugular vein

Posterior retromandibular vein

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57
Q

Where structure does the anterior jugular vein run on top of?

A

Sternohyoid muscle

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58
Q

What strucutre does the external jugular vein run on top of?

A

SCM

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59
Q

At what location is the external jugular vein formed?

A

Angle of the mandible

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60
Q

What does the posterior retromandibular vein drain into?

A

External jugular

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61
Q

What drains into the posterior retromandibular vein?

A

Retromandibular vein

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62
Q

What structure does the posterior retromandibular vein run on top of?

A

Posterior digastric muscle

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63
Q

Where is the posterior retromandibular vein in relation to the mandible?

A

Posterior to the neck of the mandible

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64
Q

What does the anterior retromandibular vein drain into?

A

Common fascial vein

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65
Q

What drains into the anterior retromandibular vein?

A

Retromandibular vein

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66
Q

Where is the anterior retromandibular vein in relation to the mandible?

A

Posterior to the angle of the mandible

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67
Q

What does the retromandibular vein drain into?

A

Posterior retromandibular vein

Anterior retromandibular vein

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68
Q

What drains into the retromandibular vein?

A

Superficial temporal vein

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69
Q

Where is the retromandibular vein in relation to the mandible?

A

Posterior to the neck and head of the mandible

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70
Q

Where is the retromandibular vein in relation to the external auditory meatus?

A

Anterior

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71
Q

What does the superficial temporal vein drain into?

A

Retromandibular vein

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72
Q

What is the superficial temporal vein superficial to?

A

Temporalis

Temporal bone

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73
Q

What does the maxillary vein drain into?

A

Retromandibular vein

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74
Q

What is the maxillary vein superficial to?

A

Lateral pterygoid

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75
Q

What is the maxillary vein deep to?

A

Head of mandible
Zygomatic process
Masseter

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76
Q

What does the facial vein drain into?

A

Common facial vein

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77
Q

What drains into the facial vein?

A

Deep fascial vein

Opthalmic vein

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78
Q

What is the fascial vein superficial to?

A

Mandible

Maxilla

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79
Q

What is the facial vein deep to?

A

Platysma

Zygomatic major and minor

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80
Q

What does the common facial vein drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

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81
Q

What drains into the common facial vein?

A

Facial vein

Anterior retromandibular vein

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82
Q

What runs with the common carotid/internal carotid arteries?

A

Internal jugular vein

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83
Q

What does the internal jugular vein run with?

A

Common carotid artery

Internal carotid artery

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84
Q

What does the internal jugular vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

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85
Q

What drains into the internal jugular vein?

A

Common facial vein

Sigmoid sinus

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86
Q

What does the deep facial vein drain into (assuming no problems)?

A

Facial vein

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87
Q

What can the deep facial vein drain into?

A

Cavernosus sinus

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88
Q

What does the ophthalmic vein drain into(assuming no problems)?

A

Facial vein

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89
Q

What can the opthalmic vein drain into?

A

Cavernosus sinus

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90
Q

What makes up the infectious triangle?

A

Deep facial vein
Opthalmic vein
Cavernosus sinus

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91
Q

Why is the infectious triangle possible?

A

There are no valves in veins above the heart

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92
Q

What is the danger of having bacteria in the blood in the face?

A

If it is in the facial vein, opthalmic vein or deep facial vein then it has the possibility of draining into the cavernous sinus in the brain and infecting the brain.

93
Q

What veins does the supraorbital anastomose between?

A

Superficial temporal vein

Facial vein

94
Q

Infection from the face that has entered the cavernous has the ability to effect which nearby structure?

A

Optic nerve

95
Q

What runs over the parotid gland?

A

Nothing

96
Q

What is the internal jugular vein deep to?

A 
Platysma
SCM
Superior omohyoid
Posterior digastric 
Temporal bone
97
Q

What is the common facial vein deep to?

A

Platysma

98
Q

What is the common facial vein inferior to?

A

Angle of mandible

99
Q

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

A

SCM
Clavicle
Trapezius

100
Q

What is visible in the posterior triangle (floor)?

A 
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Posterior scalene
Middle scalene
Anterior scalene
Inferior omohyoid
101
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A

SCM
Midline
Mandible

102
Q

What are the four triangles inside the anterior triangle?

A

Submandibular/digastric triangle
Submental triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle

103
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?

A

Mandible
Anterior digastric
Posterior digastric

104
Q

What are the borders of the sub mental triangle?

A

Anterior digastric
Midline
Hyoid

105
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

Posterior digastric
Superior omohyoid
SCM

106
Q

What are the borders of the muscular triangle?

A

Superior omohyoid
Midline
SCM

107
Q

What triangle is the external jugular vein in?

A

Posterior

108
Q

What triangle is the accessory nerve in?

A

Posterior

109
Q

What triangle is the cervical plexus branches in?

A

Posterior

110
Q

What triangle is the brachial plexus trunks in?

A

Posterior

111
Q

What triangle is the mandibular gland in?

A

Submandibular

112
Q

What triangles are lymph nodes in?

A

Submandibular and submental

113
Q

What triangle is the hypoglossal nerve in?

A

Submandibular and carotid

114
Q

What triangle is the nerve to mylohyoid in?

A

Submandibular

115
Q

What triangle is the facial artery in?

A

Submandibular and carotid

116
Q

What triangle is the facial vein in?

A

Submandibular

117
Q

What triangle is the mylohyoid muscle in?

A

Submental

118
Q

What triangle is the anterior jugular vein in?

A

Submental

119
Q

What triangle is the nerve to thyrohyoid in?

A

Carotid

120
Q

What triangle is the ansa cervicalis in?

A

Cartoid

121
Q

What triangle is the vagus nerve and associated laryngeal branches in?

A

Carotid

122
Q

What triangle is the occipital artery in?

A

Carotid

123
Q

What triangle is the lingual artery in?

A

Carotid

124
Q

What triangle is the superior thyroid artery in?

A

Carotid

125
Q

What triangle is the infra hyoid muscles found in?

A

Muscular

126
Q

What triangle is the thyroid and parathyroid gland in?

A

Muscular

127
Q

What triangle is the larynx cartilage found in?

A

Muscular

128
Q

What separates the sub mental triangle from the submandibular triangle?

A

Anterior digastric

129
Q

What separates the submandibular triangle from the carotid triangle?

A

Posterior digastric

130
Q

What separates the carotid triangle from the muscular triangle?

A

Superior omohyoid

131
Q

What is the one point where all the triangles of the anterior triangle meet?

A

Hyoid bone

132
Q

What is the landmark for finding the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Between anterior and middle scalenes

133
Q

What does the thyrocervical trunk sit on?

A

Anterior scalene

134
Q

The subclavian vein is superficial to what muscle?

A

Anterior scalene

135
Q

The subclavian artery lies between what two muscles?

A

Anterior scalene and middle scalene

136
Q

What structures travel under the clavicle but over the 1st rib?

A

Trunks of BP
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein

137
Q

What are the landmarks for the phrenic nerve?

A

On top of the anterior scalene

Under the subclavian vein

138
Q

A fractured clavicle is dangerous to what structure?

A

Subclavian vein

139
Q

If the scalene muscles are inflamed, what symptoms can occur?

A

Sensory information from BP is blocked

Blood supply is blocked in subclavian artery

140
Q

What causes a stinger/burner injury?

A

Stretching the BP trunks

141
Q

What other structure does the hypoglossal nerve run with in the carotid triangle?

A

Lingual nerve

142
Q

What do the arteries in the carotid triangle all have in common?

A

Branches of the external carotid artery

143
Q

What is the “gooses neck”?

A

Ansa cervicalis

144
Q

A 65 year old women presents with a growing thyroid mass and progressive hoarseness and choaking. Physical examination reveals a weak, breathy, hoarse voice and a large left thyroid mass. What is the cause for the hoarseness and choking?

A

Mass is compressing the vagus nerve.
Choking because of irritation to the vagus nerve and narrowing of the airway.
Hoarse because the vagus nerve supplies the larynx.

145
Q

Structures exit what part of the skull to form the carotid sheath?

A

Jugular foramen

146
Q

What is in the carotid sheath?

A

Internal jugular vein
Internal carotid artery
Vagus nerve

147
Q

What other structures exit through the jugular foramen but are not enclosed in the carotid sheath?

A

Accessory nerve (XI) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

148
Q

Where is the vagus nerve within the carotid sheath?

A

Inbetween the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery

149
Q

What are the three branches of the vagus nerve that pierce the carotid sheath?

A

Pharyngeal nerve

Superior laryngeal nerve

150
Q

What are the three branches of the vagus nerve that do not pierce the carotid sheath?

A

Internal larygenal
External laryngeal
Recurrent laryngeal

151
Q

Where is the carotid artery relative to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath?

A

Carotid artery is medial

Internal jugular vein is lateral

152
Q

What is the nerve to carotid sinus and carotid body a branch of?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

153
Q

What do receptors in the carotid body detect?

A

Change in pO2 and BP

154
Q

What does the pharyngeal nerve innervate?

A

Pharynx

155
Q

What structure connects the upper and lower sinuses?

A

Pharynx

156
Q

What are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

External laryngeal nerve

157
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

Sensory to larynx above the vocal cords

158
Q

What does the external laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

Motor to inferior constrictor of esophagus, cricothyroid

159
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

Sensory to larynx below the vocal cords

Motor to vocal cords

160
Q

What structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

161
Q

What structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

A

Right subclavian artery

162
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Flat that separates esophagus and trachea

163
Q

What is the false vocal fold?

A

Membranous structure that does not help in sound production

164
Q

What is the true vocal fold?

A

Muscular structure that pulls the vocal cords

165
Q

What is known as the “Adam’s apple”?

A

Thyroid cartilage

166
Q

What is the shape of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Butterfly-shaped structure without a back

167
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage relative to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Inferior

168
Q

What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?

A

Ring-shaped that is wider posteriorly

169
Q

Where is the thyroid gland relative to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Inferior

170
Q

What is the purpose of the thyroid gland?

A

Regulate metabolism

171
Q

What is the shape of the thyroid gland?

A

Butterfly

172
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland relative to the thyroid?

A

Posterior

173
Q

What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland?

A

Ca2+ regulator

174
Q

Are you able to survive without a thyroid gland?

A

Yes - if you take hormone replacements

175
Q

Are you able to survive without a parathyroid gland?

A

No

176
Q

What are the vocal cords attached to?

A

Arytenoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

177
Q

Football player had a right, anterior neck injury. He was on the ground and someone stepped on his neck. He walked off the field but complained of dizziness. The player sat down on the bench and lost consciousness. He regained consciousness when laying down but complained of anterior neck pain. There are no major muscle or bone problems. His right anterior neck was swollen just anterior to the middle of the SCM. Very low heart rate and BP. What is the cause?

A

Compression of the carotid sinus

178
Q

Where is the carotid sinus?

A

In the common carotid artery where it bifurcates into the internal and external carotid artery.

179
Q

What is the landmarks for finding the root of the neck?

A

Level of the jugular notch and above
Above clavicles
Anterior and lateral to trachea and thyroid gland

180
Q

What organs are in the root of the neck?

A

Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Trachea
Esophagus
Cupula of lungs

181
Q

What muscles are in the root of the neck?

A

Deep neck muscles

Scalenus anterior

182
Q

What are the veins in the root of the neck?

A

Subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
Internal jugular vein

183
Q

What are the arteries of the root of the neck

A 
Brachiocephalic artery
Subclavian artery
Common carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
184
Q

What are the nerves in the root of the neck?

A

Vagus
Recurrent laryngeal
Phrenic
Brachial plexus

185
Q

What structure does the vagus nerve run with in the root of the neck?

A

Common carotid artery

186
Q

What is the location of the nerves of the neck relative to each other?

A

Recurrent laryngeal is medial
Vagus is in the middle
Phrenic is later

187
Q

Once in the thorax, what structures is the left vagus nerve in-between?

A

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

188
Q

What is the location of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve relative to the esophagus?

A

Anterior to esophagus

189
Q

What is the location of the trachea relative to the esophagus?

A

Anterior

190
Q

Once in the thorax, what structures is the right vagus nerve in-between?

A

Common carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

191
Q

Which of the recurrent laryngeal branches ascends lateral to the trachea?

A

Both

192
Q

Which of the recurrent laryngeal branches ascents anterior to the esophagus?

A

Left

193
Q

Where is the right vagus nerve relative to the SVC?

A

Posterior

194
Q

Where is the left vagus nerve relative to the aorta?

A

Anterior

195
Q

Where is the left vagus nerve relative to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Posterior

196
Q

Where is the right vagus nerve relative to the lung hilum?

A

Posterior

197
Q

Where is the left phrenic nerve relative to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Anterior

198
Q

Where is the left phrenic nerve relative to the hilum of the lung?

A

Anterior

199
Q

What does the right vagus nerve branch into?

A

Posterior esophageal plexus

200
Q

What nerve forms the cardiac plexus?

A

Vagus

201
Q

Once in the thorax, what structures is the right phrenic nerve in-between?

A

Subclavian artery

Subclavian vein

202
Q

Where is the right phrenic nerve relative to the SVC?

A

Anterior

203
Q

Where is the right phrenic nerve relative to the lung hilum?

A

Anterior

204
Q

Where is the left phrenic nerve relative to the aorta?

A

Anterior

205
Q

Which nerve pierces the SCM?

A

Accessory nerve

206
Q

Which nerve lies on top of levator scapulae?

A

Accessory nerve

207
Q

The C1 nerve root joins which cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

208
Q

Which nerve loops underneath the occipital artery?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

209
Q

What is the nerve root for the nerve to thyrohyoid?

A

C1

210
Q

What is the nerve roots for the phrenic nerve?

A

C3-5

211
Q

What makes up the ansa cerivalis?

A

C1 superiorly

C2-3 inferiorly

212
Q

Where does the ansa cervicalis sit on top of?

A

Carotid sheath

213
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the anterior digastric?

A

O: Mandible
I: loops of hyoid
Function: depress jaw

214
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the posterior digastric?

A

O:loops on hyoid
I: Temporal bone
Function: retract jaw

215
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior digastric?

A

V3 - Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

216
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior digastric?

A

Facial nerve

217
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the SCM?

A

O: sternum and clavicle
I: Mastoid process on the temporal bone
Function: Turns head (if right side contracts then head turns towards the left)

218
Q

What happens with both SCM contract at the same time?

A

Neck flexion

219
Q

What is the innervation of the SCM?

A

Accessory nerve

220
Q

What is the function of the splenius captius?

A

Side flexion
Neck flexion
Lateral rotation

221
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the superior omohyoid?

A

O: central tendon
I: Hyoid bone
Inn: Ansa cervicalis
F: Depress mandible, speaking, swallowing

222
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the inferior omohyoid?

A

O: Upper border of scapula
I: central tendon
Inn: Ansa cervicalis
F: Depress mandible, speaking, swallowing

223
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the mylohyoid?

A

O: Mandible
I: Hyoid
Inn: V3
F: Elevate floor of mouth, depress mandible

224
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the thyrohyoid?

A

O: Thyroid cartilage
I: Hyoid
F: Depress mandible, speaking, swallowing

225
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the sternothyroid?

A

O: Sternum
I: Thyroid cartilage
F: Move mandible, speaking, swallowing

226
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the sternohyoid?

A

O: Sternum
I: Hyoid
F: Move mandible, speaking, swallowing

227
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the stylohyoid?

A

O: Styloid process of temporal bone
I: Hyoid
F: Elevation and retraction of hyoid bone, depress mandible

228
Q

What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the cricothyroid?

A

O: Arch of cricoid cartilage
I: Inferior thyroid
Inn: External laryngeal
F: Tense local ligaments

Western (14 decks)

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