Anatomy: Neck Flashcards
1
Q
How does the internal carotid artery get through the skull?
A
Carotid canal
2
Q
Forced rotation of the head or hyperextension of the neck can cause damage to which structure?
A
Vertebral artery
3
Q
How does the vertebral artery travel up the neck?
A
Through the transverse foramen (formed from transverse processes)
4
Q
Which cervical vertebrae does the vertebral artery pass through?
A
C1-C6
5
Q
What are of the brain does the vertebral artery supply?
A
Posterior brain
6
Q
What artery does the vertebral artery lead into?
A
Basilar
7
Q
What artery comes off of the basilar artery in the circle of willis?
A
Posterior cerebral
8
Q
What artery connects the posterior cerebral (basilar) and anterior cerebral?
A
Posterior communicating
9
Q
What branches does the internal carotid artery give off?
A
Middle cerebral
Anterior cerebral
10
Q
What is the artery that joins the two anterior cerebral arteries?
A
Anterior communicating
11
Q
Where does the internal carotid artery in the circle of willis relative to the cranial nerves?
A
Directly inferior to Cn N II
12
Q
Where is the anterior cerebral artery relative to the cranial nerves?
A
Directly medial to Cn N I
13
Q
What lobes of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
A
Medial frontal and parietal
14
Q
What lobes of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
A
Temporal, occipital and cerebellum
15
Q
Where does the middle cerebral artery travel?
A
Lateral sulcus
16
Q
What lobes of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?
A
Temporal, lateral frontal, parietal
17
Q
If there was a blockage in the anterior cerebral artery, what brain functions would be impaired?
A
Personality
Some motor and sensory
18
Q
If there was a blockage in the middle cerebral artery, what brain functions would be impaired?
A
Speech, motor and sensory
19
Q
What is the anagram used to remember the branches of the external carotid artery?
A
[A] Smart Lady Figured Out PMS
20
Q
What are the branches of the external carotid artery?
A
Superior thyroid Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
21
Q
How does the middle meningeal artery pass through the skull?
A
Foramen spinosum
22
Q
What structures does the superficial thyroid artery sit on top of?
A
Superior omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
23
Q
What structure does the superficial thyroid artery sit under?
A
Platysma
24
Q
What structures does the lingual artery sit on top of?
A
Hyoid
25
What structures is the lingual artery deep to?
Angle of mandible
Posterior digastric
Platysma
26
What structures is the facial artery superficial to?
Mandible
| Maxilla
27
What structures is the facial artery deep to?
Platysma
| Zygomaticus major/minor
27
What structures is the occipital artery superficial to?
Occipitalis
28
What structures is the occipital artery deep to?
SCM
Splenius capitus
Mastoid process of temporal bone
29
What structures is the posterior auricular artery superficial to?
Tympanic portion of the temporal bone
| Temporalis
30
What structures is the posterior auricular artery deep to?
Nothing
31
What structures is the maxillary artery superficial to?
Lateral pterygoid
32
What structures is the maxillary artery deep to?
Head of mandible
Zygomatic bone
Masseter
34
What structures is the superficial temporal artery superficial to?
Temporal bone
| Temporalis
35
What structures is the superficial temporal artery deep to?
Nothing
36
Where does the right subclavian artery branch from?
Brachiocephalic artery
37
Where does the left subclavian artery branch from?
Aorta
38
What is the first branch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic
39
What is the second branch of the aorta?
Left common carotid
40
What is the third branch of the aorta?
Left subclavian artery
41
What is the first branch of the right subclavian artery?
Right common carotid artery
42
What is the second branch of the right subclavian artery?
Vertebral artery
43
What is the third branch of the subclavian artery?
Thyrovervical trunk
44
What are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
Suprascapular artery
Transverse cervical artery
Inferior thyroid artery
45
Where do the anterior intercostal arteries come from?
Internal thoracic artery
46
Where does the internal thoracic artery?
Right subclavian artery
47
Where do the posterior intercostal arteries come from?
Decending aorta
48
The middle meningeal artery is a branch of what external carotid branch?
Maxillary artery
49
What is the danger of trauma to the pterion?
The middle meningeal artery is deep to the pterion - can rupture
50
What are the bones that make up the pterion?
Sphenoid
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
51
A ruptured middle meningeal artery is an example of what type of hematoma?
Extra/epidural hematoma
52
A brain scan of a extradural hematoma patient can show what other visual signs?
Shift of faux cerebri
53
What vein runs across the sternocleidomastoid?
External jugular vein
54
What are the two branches of the superior vena cava?
Right brachiocephalic
| Left brachiocephalic
55
What does the external jugular vein drain into?
Subclavian vein
56
What are the two branches of the external jugular vein?
Anterior jugular vein
| Posterior retromandibular vein
57
Where structure does the anterior jugular vein run on top of?
Sternohyoid muscle
58
What strucutre does the external jugular vein run on top of?
SCM
59
At what location is the external jugular vein formed?
Angle of the mandible
60
What does the posterior retromandibular vein drain into?
External jugular
61
What drains into the posterior retromandibular vein?
Retromandibular vein
62
What structure does the posterior retromandibular vein run on top of?
Posterior digastric muscle
63
Where is the posterior retromandibular vein in relation to the mandible?
Posterior to the neck of the mandible
64
What does the anterior retromandibular vein drain into?
Common fascial vein
65
What drains into the anterior retromandibular vein?
Retromandibular vein
66
Where is the anterior retromandibular vein in relation to the mandible?
Posterior to the angle of the mandible
67
What does the retromandibular vein drain into?
Posterior retromandibular vein
| Anterior retromandibular vein
68
What drains into the retromandibular vein?
Superficial temporal vein
69
Where is the retromandibular vein in relation to the mandible?
Posterior to the neck and head of the mandible
70
Where is the retromandibular vein in relation to the external auditory meatus?
Anterior
71
What does the superficial temporal vein drain into?
Retromandibular vein
72
What is the superficial temporal vein superficial to?
Temporalis
| Temporal bone
73
What does the maxillary vein drain into?
Retromandibular vein
74
What is the maxillary vein superficial to?
Lateral pterygoid
75
What is the maxillary vein deep to?
Head of mandible
Zygomatic process
Masseter
76
What does the facial vein drain into?
Common facial vein
77
What drains into the facial vein?
Deep fascial vein
| Opthalmic vein
78
What is the fascial vein superficial to?
Mandible
| Maxilla
79
What is the facial vein deep to?
Platysma
| Zygomatic major and minor
80
What does the common facial vein drain into?
Internal jugular vein
81
What drains into the common facial vein?
Facial vein
| Anterior retromandibular vein
82
What runs with the common carotid/internal carotid arteries?
Internal jugular vein
83
What does the internal jugular vein run with?
Common carotid artery
| Internal carotid artery
84
What does the internal jugular vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic vein
85
What drains into the internal jugular vein?
Common facial vein
| Sigmoid sinus
86
What does the deep facial vein drain into (assuming no problems)?
Facial vein
87
What *can* the deep facial vein drain into?
Cavernosus sinus
88
What does the ophthalmic vein drain into(assuming no problems)?
Facial vein
89
What *can* the opthalmic vein drain into?
Cavernosus sinus
90
What makes up the infectious triangle?
Deep facial vein
Opthalmic vein
Cavernosus sinus
91
Why is the infectious triangle possible?
There are no valves in veins above the heart
92
What is the danger of having bacteria in the blood in the face?
If it is in the facial vein, opthalmic vein or deep facial vein then it has the possibility of draining into the cavernous sinus in the brain and infecting the brain.
93
What veins does the supraorbital anastomose between?
Superficial temporal vein
| Facial vein
94
Infection from the face that has entered the cavernous has the ability to effect which nearby structure?
Optic nerve
95
What runs over the parotid gland?
Nothing
96
What is the internal jugular vein deep to?
```
Platysma
SCM
Superior omohyoid
Posterior digastric
Temporal bone
```
97
What is the common facial vein deep to?
Platysma
98
What is the common facial vein inferior to?
Angle of mandible
99
What are the borders of the posterior triangle?
SCM
Clavicle
Trapezius
100
What is visible in the posterior triangle (floor)?
```
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Posterior scalene
Middle scalene
Anterior scalene
Inferior omohyoid
```
101
What are the borders of the anterior triangle?
SCM
Midline
Mandible
102
What are the four triangles inside the anterior triangle?
Submandibular/digastric triangle
Submental triangle
Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle
103
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?
Mandible
Anterior digastric
Posterior digastric
104
What are the borders of the sub mental triangle?
Anterior digastric
Midline
Hyoid
105
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
Posterior digastric
Superior omohyoid
SCM
106
What are the borders of the muscular triangle?
Superior omohyoid
Midline
SCM
107
What triangle is the external jugular vein in?
Posterior
108
What triangle is the accessory nerve in?
Posterior
109
What triangle is the cervical plexus branches in?
Posterior
110
What triangle is the brachial plexus trunks in?
Posterior
111
What triangle is the mandibular gland in?
Submandibular
112
What triangles are lymph nodes in?
Submandibular and submental
113
What triangle is the hypoglossal nerve in?
Submandibular and carotid
114
What triangle is the nerve to mylohyoid in?
Submandibular
115
What triangle is the facial artery in?
Submandibular and carotid
116
What triangle is the facial vein in?
Submandibular
117
What triangle is the mylohyoid muscle in?
Submental
118
What triangle is the anterior jugular vein in?
Submental
119
What triangle is the nerve to thyrohyoid in?
Carotid
120
What triangle is the ansa cervicalis in?
Cartoid
121
What triangle is the vagus nerve and associated laryngeal branches in?
Carotid
122
What triangle is the occipital artery in?
Carotid
123
What triangle is the lingual artery in?
Carotid
124
What triangle is the superior thyroid artery in?
Carotid
125
What triangle is the infra hyoid muscles found in?
Muscular
126
What triangle is the thyroid and parathyroid gland in?
Muscular
127
What triangle is the larynx cartilage found in?
Muscular
128
What separates the sub mental triangle from the submandibular triangle?
Anterior digastric
129
What separates the submandibular triangle from the carotid triangle?
Posterior digastric
130
What separates the carotid triangle from the muscular triangle?
Superior omohyoid
131
What is the one point where all the triangles of the anterior triangle meet?
Hyoid bone
132
What is the landmark for finding the trunks of the brachial plexus?
Between anterior and middle scalenes
133
What does the thyrocervical trunk sit on?
Anterior scalene
134
The subclavian vein is superficial to what muscle?
Anterior scalene
135
The subclavian artery lies between what two muscles?
Anterior scalene and middle scalene
136
What structures travel under the clavicle but over the 1st rib?
Trunks of BP
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
137
What are the landmarks for the phrenic nerve?
On top of the anterior scalene
| Under the subclavian vein
138
A fractured clavicle is dangerous to what structure?
Subclavian vein
139
If the scalene muscles are inflamed, what symptoms can occur?
Sensory information from BP is blocked
| Blood supply is blocked in subclavian artery
140
What causes a stinger/burner injury?
Stretching the BP trunks
141
What other structure does the hypoglossal nerve run with in the carotid triangle?
Lingual nerve
142
What do the arteries in the carotid triangle all have in common?
Branches of the external carotid artery
143
What is the "gooses neck"?
Ansa cervicalis
144
A 65 year old women presents with a growing thyroid mass and progressive hoarseness and choaking. Physical examination reveals a weak, breathy, hoarse voice and a large left thyroid mass. What is the cause for the hoarseness and choking?
Mass is compressing the vagus nerve.
Choking because of irritation to the vagus nerve and narrowing of the airway.
Hoarse because the vagus nerve supplies the larynx.
145
Structures exit what part of the skull to form the carotid sheath?
Jugular foramen
146
What is in the carotid sheath?
Internal jugular vein
Internal carotid artery
Vagus nerve
147
What other structures exit through the jugular foramen but are not enclosed in the carotid sheath?
Accessory nerve (XI) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
148
Where is the vagus nerve within the carotid sheath?
Inbetween the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery
149
What are the three branches of the vagus nerve that pierce the carotid sheath?
Pharyngeal nerve
| Superior laryngeal nerve
150
What are the three branches of the vagus nerve that do not pierce the carotid sheath?
Internal larygenal
External laryngeal
Recurrent laryngeal
151
Where is the carotid artery relative to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath?
Carotid artery is medial
| Internal jugular vein is lateral
152
What is the nerve to carotid sinus and carotid body a branch of?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
153
What do receptors in the carotid body detect?
Change in pO2 and BP
154
What does the pharyngeal nerve innervate?
Pharynx
155
What structure connects the upper and lower sinuses?
Pharynx
156
What are the branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal laryngeal nerve
| External laryngeal nerve
157
What does the internal laryngeal nerve innervate?
Sensory to larynx above the vocal cords
158
What does the external laryngeal nerve innervate?
Motor to inferior constrictor of esophagus, cricothyroid
159
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
Sensory to larynx below the vocal cords
| Motor to vocal cords
160
What structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
Ligamentum arteriosum
161
What structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
Right subclavian artery
162
What is the epiglottis?
Flat that separates esophagus and trachea
163
What is the false vocal fold?
Membranous structure that does not help in sound production
164
What is the true vocal fold?
Muscular structure that pulls the vocal cords
165
What is known as the "Adam's apple"?
Thyroid cartilage
166
What is the shape of the thyroid cartilage?
Butterfly-shaped structure without a back
167
Where is the cricoid cartilage relative to the thyroid cartilage?
Inferior
168
What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?
Ring-shaped that is wider posteriorly
169
Where is the thyroid gland relative to the thyroid cartilage?
Inferior
170
What is the purpose of the thyroid gland?
Regulate metabolism
171
What is the shape of the thyroid gland?
Butterfly
172
Where is the parathyroid gland relative to the thyroid?
Posterior
173
What is the purpose of the parathyroid gland?
Ca2+ regulator
174
Are you able to survive without a thyroid gland?
Yes - if you take hormone replacements
175
Are you able to survive without a parathyroid gland?
No
176
What are the vocal cords attached to?
Arytenoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
177
Football player had a right, anterior neck injury. He was on the ground and someone stepped on his neck. He walked off the field but complained of dizziness. The player sat down on the bench and lost consciousness. He regained consciousness when laying down but complained of anterior neck pain. There are no major muscle or bone problems. His right anterior neck was swollen just anterior to the middle of the SCM. Very low heart rate and BP. What is the cause?
Compression of the carotid sinus
178
Where is the carotid sinus?
In the common carotid artery where it bifurcates into the internal and external carotid artery.
179
What is the landmarks for finding the root of the neck?
Level of the jugular notch and above
Above clavicles
Anterior and lateral to trachea and thyroid gland
180
What organs are in the root of the neck?
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Trachea
Esophagus
Cupula of lungs
181
What muscles are in the root of the neck?
Deep neck muscles
| Scalenus anterior
182
What are the veins in the root of the neck?
Subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
Internal jugular vein
183
What are the arteries of the root of the neck
```
Brachiocephalic artery
Subclavian artery
Common carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
```
184
What are the nerves in the root of the neck?
Vagus
Recurrent laryngeal
Phrenic
Brachial plexus
185
What structure does the vagus nerve run with in the root of the neck?
Common carotid artery
186
What is the location of the nerves of the neck relative to each other?
Recurrent laryngeal is medial
Vagus is in the middle
Phrenic is later
187
Once in the thorax, what structures is the left vagus nerve in-between?
Left common carotid artery
| Left subclavian artery
188
What is the location of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve relative to the esophagus?
Anterior to esophagus
189
What is the location of the trachea relative to the esophagus?
Anterior
190
Once in the thorax, what structures is the right vagus nerve in-between?
Common carotid artery
| Internal jugular vein
191
Which of the recurrent laryngeal branches ascends lateral to the trachea?
Both
192
Which of the recurrent laryngeal branches ascents anterior to the esophagus?
Left
193
Where is the right vagus nerve relative to the SVC?
Posterior
194
Where is the left vagus nerve relative to the aorta?
Anterior
195
Where is the left vagus nerve relative to the pulmonary trunk?
Posterior
196
Where is the right vagus nerve relative to the lung hilum?
Posterior
197
Where is the left phrenic nerve relative to the pulmonary trunk?
Anterior
198
Where is the left phrenic nerve relative to the hilum of the lung?
Anterior
199
What does the right vagus nerve branch into?
Posterior esophageal plexus
200
What nerve forms the cardiac plexus?
Vagus
201
Once in the thorax, what structures is the right phrenic nerve in-between?
Subclavian artery
| Subclavian vein
202
Where is the right phrenic nerve relative to the SVC?
Anterior
203
Where is the right phrenic nerve relative to the lung hilum?
Anterior
204
Where is the left phrenic nerve relative to the aorta?
Anterior
205
Which nerve pierces the SCM?
Accessory nerve
206
Which nerve lies on top of levator scapulae?
Accessory nerve
207
The C1 nerve root joins which cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal (XII)
208
Which nerve loops underneath the occipital artery?
Hypoglossal (XII)
209
What is the nerve root for the nerve to thyrohyoid?
C1
210
What is the nerve roots for the phrenic nerve?
C3-5
211
What makes up the ansa cerivalis?
C1 superiorly
| C2-3 inferiorly
212
Where does the ansa cervicalis sit on top of?
Carotid sheath
213
What is the origin, insertion and function of the anterior digastric?
O: Mandible
I: *loops of hyoid*
Function: depress jaw
214
What is the origin, insertion and function of the posterior digastric?
O:*loops on hyoid*
I: Temporal bone
Function: retract jaw
215
What is the innervation of the anterior digastric?
V3 - Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
216
What is the innervation of the posterior digastric?
Facial nerve
217
What is the origin, insertion and function of the SCM?
O: sternum and clavicle
I: Mastoid process on the temporal bone
Function: Turns head (if right side contracts then head turns towards the left)
218
What happens with both SCM contract at the same time?
Neck flexion
219
What is the innervation of the SCM?
Accessory nerve
220
What is the function of the splenius captius?
Side flexion
Neck flexion
Lateral rotation
221
What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the superior omohyoid?
O: *central tendon*
I: Hyoid bone
Inn: Ansa cervicalis
F: Depress mandible, speaking, swallowing
222
What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the inferior omohyoid?
O: Upper border of scapula
I: *central tendon*
Inn: Ansa cervicalis
F: Depress mandible, speaking, swallowing
223
What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the mylohyoid?
O: Mandible
I: Hyoid
Inn: V3
F: Elevate floor of mouth, depress mandible
224
What is the origin, insertion and function of the thyrohyoid?
O: Thyroid cartilage
I: Hyoid
F: Depress mandible, speaking, swallowing
225
What is the origin, insertion and function of the sternothyroid?
O: Sternum
I: Thyroid cartilage
F: Move mandible, speaking, swallowing
226
What is the origin, insertion and function of the sternohyoid?
O: Sternum
I: Hyoid
F: Move mandible, speaking, swallowing
227
What is the origin, insertion and function of the stylohyoid?
O: Styloid process of temporal bone
I: Hyoid
F: Elevation and retraction of hyoid bone, depress mandible
228
What is the origin, insertion, innervation and function of the cricothyroid?
O: Arch of cricoid cartilage
I: Inferior thyroid
Inn: External laryngeal
F: Tense local ligaments
