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Western > Anatomy: Pelvis > Flashcards

Anatomy: Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

At what angle does the sacrum sit relative to the vertebral column?

A

60* angle anteriorly

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2
Q

What does the sacrospinus ligament form?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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3
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament form?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

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4
Q

Where is the sacrospinous ligament relative to the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Sacrospinous ligament is deeper

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5
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the sacrospinous ligament?

A

Sacrum to ischial spine

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6
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Sacrum to ischial tuberosity

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7
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

Greater pelvis - above the pelvic brim

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8
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

Lesser pelvis - below the pelvic brim

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9
Q

What are the four differences between the male and female pelvis?

A

Female pubic arch is > 80*
Females have larger interspinous distances
Females have greater distances between ASIS
Females have a round pelvic inlet, males have a heart shaped pelvic inlet

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10
Q

What is the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Floor of the pelvic basin

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11
Q

What two muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm/floor?

A

Coccygeus

Levator ani

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12
Q

What are the three muscles of the levator ani?

A

Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis

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13
Q

What is the origin, insertion and function of the coccygeus?

A

Ischial spine to coccyx
Supports viserca
Supports and elevates pelvic floor

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14
Q

What is the function of the levator ani muscle?

A

Supports viscera

Helps defecation

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15
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the iliococcygeus?

A

Pudendal canal to coccyx

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16
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pubococcygeus?

A

Pubis to coccyx

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17
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the puborectalis?

A

Pubis to sling around rectum

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18
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the performis muscle?

A

Sacrum to greater trochanter

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19
Q

What seperates the pelvic basin from the perineum?

A

Pelvic floor

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20
Q

What are the roots for the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-3

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21
Q

What is the pathway of the pudendal nerve?

A

Exits through the greater sciatic foramen
Enters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen
Runs through the pudendal canal anteriorly

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22
Q

What ligament does the pudendal nerve cross over?

A

Sacrospinous ligament

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23
Q

What makes up the pudendal canal?

A

Junction of the obturator interns and levator ani (iliococcygeus)

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24
Q

What are the three branches of the pudenal nerve?

A

Inferior rectal nerve
Perineal branches
Dorsal nerve

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25
Q

Where is the inferior rectal nerve located?

A

Ischiorectal fossa

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26
Q

What does the inferior rectal nerve innervate?

A

Rectum

External anal sphincter

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27
Q

What does the perineal branches innervate in males?

A

Sensory to scrotum

Motor to superficial and middle perineum

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28
Q

What does the perineal branches innervate in females?

A

Sensory to labia majora

Motor to superficial and middle perineum

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29
Q

What does the dorsal nerve innervate in males?

A

Sensory to penis

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30
Q

What does the dorsal nerve innervate in females?

A

Clitoris

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31
Q

Where is an epidural delivered?

A

L3-4

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32
Q

What is an example of a spinal block?

A

Epidural

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33
Q

What nerve is targeted in a regional block?

A

Pudendal nerve

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34
Q

What is the landmark for a regional block?

A

Ischial spine

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35
Q

What are the two layers of the perineum?

A

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

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36
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the urogenitial triangle?

A

Bullbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
Superficial transverse perineal

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37
Q

What makes up the middle layer of the urogenital triangle?

A

Urogential diaphragm: perineal membrane, muscle (deep transverse perineal), memrbane
Urethral sphincter

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38
Q

What makes up the deep layer of the anal triangle?

A

Levator ani

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39
Q

What does the bulbospongiosus muscle cover in the male?

A

Bulb of penis

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40
Q

What does the ischiocavernosus muscle cover in the male?

A

Crux of penis and erectile tissue

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41
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superficial transverse perineal muscle?

A

Ischial tuberosity to perineal body

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42
Q

What is the difference in the deep transverse perineal muscle in males and females?

A

Joined together in males

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43
Q

What does the bulbospongiosus muscle surround in females?

A

Surrounds vaginal opening

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44
Q

What does the ischiocavernosis muscle cover in females?

A

Covers erectile tissue

Leans up against clitoris

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45
Q

What is the function of the superficial transverse perineal muscles?

A

Functions during sexual intercourse and voiding of urine

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46
Q

Where is the perineal body relative to the bulbospongiosus?

A

Base

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47
Q

Where is the perineal body relative to the ischiocavernosus?

A

Base

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48
Q

Where is the perineal body relative to the superficial transverse perineal muscles?

A

Center

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49
Q

What does the cervix have to dilate to during childbirth?

A

10 cm

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50
Q

What is a episiotomy?

A

Incision in perineum through the bulbospongiosus muscle from vagina to anus to widen space.

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51
Q

What is the performs a landmark for?

A

Superior gluteal artery and nerve
Inferior gluteal artery and nerve
- Along superior aspect of periforms

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52
Q

What nerve supplies sensory to the skin around the perineum?

A

Ilioinguinal and lateral femoral cutaneous

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53
Q

What are the borders of the perineum?

A 
Public symphysis
Inferior pubic rami
Ischial tuberosity
Sacrotuberous ligament
Coccyx
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54
Q

What are the two types of internal iliac artery branches?

A

Visceral (organs)

Parietal (muscular)

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55
Q

What are the 6 direct branches of the internal iliac artery?

A 
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Gluteal
Internal pudendal
Middle rectal 
Superior vesicular
56
Q

What type of artery is the iliolumbar?

A

Partietal

57
Q

What type of artery is the lateral sacral?

A

Parietal

58
Q

What type of artery is the gluteal?

A

Parietal

59
Q

What type of artery is the internal pudendal?

A

Visceral

60
Q

What type of artery is the middle rectal?

A

Visceral

61
Q

What type of artery is the superior vesicular?

A

Visceral

62
Q

Where does the obturator artery come from?

A

Inferior gluteal artery

63
Q

Where does the inferior vesicular artery come from in males?

A

Internal pudendal

64
Q

What is the homologous structure to the inferior vesicular artery in females?

A

Vaginal artery

65
Q

Where does the vaginal artery come from?

A

Uterine artery

66
Q

Where does the uterine artery come from?

A

Superior vesicular

67
Q

What is the motor innervation to the deep perineal layer?

A

Nerve to levator ani

Nerve to coccygeus

68
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

A

Produce spermatozoa and testosterone

69
Q

When does the development of the male reproductive system begin?

A

Week 5 of gestation

70
Q

When can you tell the difference in gender in developing fetus?
What is used to tell?

A

Week 10-12

Testes start secreting testosterone

71
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Protects testes

Maintains testes at below body temperature

72
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct made of?

A

Seminal vesicle

Ampulla of vas defernes

73
Q

What is the first division of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra

74
Q

Where does the prostatic urethra pass through?

A

Prostate gland

75
Q

What is the second division of the male urethra?

A

Membranous urethra

76
Q

Where does the membranous urethra pass through?

A

Urogenitial membrane

77
Q

What is the third division of the male urethra?

A

Penile/spongy urethra

78
Q

Where does the penile/spongy urethra pass through?

A

Bulb of penis

79
Q

Which of the urethra sphincters do you have somatic control over?

A

External urethral sphincter

80
Q

What nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

81
Q

Why is the internal urethral sphincter important in males?

A

Closes off bladder so urine cannot be released during an erection

82
Q

What is the innervation to the cremaster muscle?

A

Genitofemoral

83
Q

What is the innervation of the dartos muscle?

A

Pudendal nerve

84
Q

What is the vas deferns?

A

Muscular tube for transport to the ejaculatory duct

85
Q

How long can sperm be stored in the vas deferns in the scrotum?

A

2 months

86
Q

What is secreted through the seminal vesicles?

A

Alkaline fluid of fructose, prostaglandins and coagulated proteins

87
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

Near perineal membrane underneath the prostate gland

88
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

Mucus like substance before sperm are released to give the sperm a pathway as they leave the urethra

89
Q

Where is the prostate gland found?

A

Inferior to bladder

90
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle within the postate gland?

A

Divides lobules of gland

Empties contents

91
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

Milky secretion that assists sperm motility as liquefying agent
Alkaline that protects sperm against acidic vagina

92
Q

Where do the prostate secretions drain into?

A

Ejaculatory duct

93
Q

How does the prostate drain into the ejaculatory duct?

A

Colliculus sinus

94
Q

How much % of the semen is secreted by seminal vesicles?

A

60-70%

95
Q

What is a test to check for prostate cancer?

A

Elevated levels of PSA

Physical palpation through rectum

96
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation for pelvic organs?

A

Pelvic splanchnics (S2-4)

97
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation for pelvic organs?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion through hypogastric plexus

98
Q

What part of the penis is continuous with the bulb of the penis and erectile, and surrounds the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

99
Q

What part of the penis is continuous with the crux of the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosum

100
Q

What part of the penis is covered by foreskin?

A

Corpus spongiosum

101
Q

Where is the crus of the penis relative to the bulb?

A

Superior

102
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the penis connected to?

A

Pubis symphysis to corpus cavernosum

103
Q

What runs with the suspensory ligament in males?

A

Dorsal vein, artery and nerve

104
Q

When are the ova produced?

A

Prenatally

105
Q

How many ova are present at birth?

A

Over 2 million

106
Q

How many eggs will mature?

A

400 000

107
Q

How many eggs will differentiate?

A

400-500

108
Q

Why does cyclic ovulation occur?

A

In response to hormonal concentations

109
Q

What are the organs of the female reproductive system?

A 
Ovaries
Uterine tube
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands
110
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Ova
Estrogens
Progesterone

111
Q

What part of the ovary contains developing follicles?

A

Cortex

112
Q

Which part of the ovary contains blood vessels and supportive tissue?

A

Medulla

113
Q

What is the opening of the uterus with the vaginal canal?

A

External os

114
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteverted and anteflexed

115
Q

How many degrees of retroversion can the uterus have?

A

3

116
Q

What is the problem with a retroverted uterus?

A

Uterus can prolapse and part of the uterus can enter the vaginal canal

117
Q

What is a hysterectomy?

A

Removal of uterus and cervix.

118
Q

If the ovaries are removed in a hysterectomy, what does the woman need to do following surgery?

A

Take hormone replacement therapy

119
Q

How are the ovaries attached to the uterus?

A

Ovarian ligament

120
Q

What anchors the ovaries to the side of the uterus?

A

Mesovarium

121
Q

How are the ovaries attached to the pelvic brim?

A

Suspensory ligament

122
Q

What are the three parts of the broad ligament?

A

Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Mesometrium

123
Q

What are the only area of the female reproductive tract that are not covered by partioneum?

A

Fimbrae

124
Q

How do you externally measure the growth of a developing fetus?

A

Fundus of uterus to pubic bone

125
Q

What is a tubal ligation?

A

Uterine tubes are tied/cut

126
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus? (outside to inside)

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

127
Q

What layer of the uterus is discarded during menustration?

A

Endometrium

128
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Fetus developing in uterine tube therefore a placenta cannot be formed

129
Q

Where does the ovarian artery run?

A

In suspensory ligament

130
Q

What does the hormone relaxin do during pregnancy?

A

Loosens joints

Can cause back pain

131
Q

What type of back disorder is a pregnant woman at risk of?

A

Sciatica

132
Q

What type of circulatory disorder is a pregnant women at risk of when laying on her back?

A

Crushing IVC and aorta

133
Q

What is diastasis recti?

A

Stretching of the linea alba

134
Q

What remodelling of the heart do pregnant women undergo?

A

Increased ventricular cavity (not wall thickness)
Drop in vagal done
Increased heart rate
Increased SV

135
Q

Where is the posterior fornix in close proximity to?

A

Rectouterine pouch

136
Q

What are the two pouches formed by the parietal peritoneum in females?

A

Rectouterine

Uterovesicular

137
Q

What is the pouch formed by the parietal peritoneum in males?

A

Retrovesicular

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