Anatomy: Head Flashcards
1
Q
How many basins are there in the skull?
A
3
2
Q
What are the three basins in the skull?
A
Anterior cranial fossa,
Middle cranial fossa,
Posterior cranial fossa
3
Q
What is a concern when the brain swells?
A
Pushed through foramen magnum or other foramina
4
Q
What cranial fossa is the frontal bone in?
A
Anterior cranial fossa
5
Q
What cranial fossa is the crista galli in?
A
Anterior cranial fossa
6
Q
What cranial fossa is the cribiform plate in?
A
Anterior cranial fossa
7
Q
What cranial fossa is the lesser wing of the sphenoid in?
A
Anterior cranial fossa
8
Q
What cranial fossa is the greater wing of the sphenoid in?
A
Middle cranial fossa
9
Q
What is another name for the hypophyseal fossa?
A
Pituitary fossa
10
Q
What attaches to the crista galli?
A
Dura mater
11
Q
Does the dorsum sellae lie anterior or posterior to the hypophyseal fossa?
A
Dorsum sellae is posterior to the hypophyseal fossa
12
Q
What cranial fossa is the temporal bone in?
A
Middle and poster cranial fossas
13
Q
What bone in the skull has a petrous portion?
A
Temporal
14
Q
What cranial fossa is the occipital bone in?
A
Posterior cranial fossa
15
Q
How many lobes of the cerebral cortex are there?
A
5
16
Q
What are the lobes of the brain?
A
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
17
Q
Where does the frontal lobe sit in the skull?
A
Anterior cranial fossa
18
Q
Where does the temporal lobe sit in the skull?
A
Middle cranial fossa
19
Q
What part of the brain sits in the posterior cranial fossa?
A
Cerebellum
20
Q
Where does the occipital lobe sit compared to the parietal lobe?
A
The parietal lobe is above the occipital lobe
21
Q
Where does the insular lobe sit in the brain?
A
Deep to the temporal lobe along the lateral sulcus
22
Q
What does ‘gyri’ mean?
A
Bumps/ridges
23
Q
What does ‘sulci’ mean?
A
Grooves
24
Q
Where is the pre central gyrus found?
A
Part of frontal lobe; anterior to central sulcus
25
What does the pre central gyrus do?
For primary motor functioning
26
Where is the post central gyrus found?
Part of parietal lobe; posterior to central sulcus
27
What does the post central gyrus do?
For primary sensory information
28
What separates the two hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure
29
What is the area of of the frontal lobe anterior to the pre central gyrus for?
Pre-motor area for coordinating highly specialized skills
30
What area of the brain deals with spatial tasks?
Frontal lobe
31
What area of the brain deals with object recall?
Frontal lobe
32
What area of the brain deals with problem solving?
Frontal lobe
33
What area of the brain deals with task management?
Frontal lobe
34
What lobes does the lateral sulcus divide?
Frontal and temporal
35
What lobes does the central sulcus divide?
Frontal and parietal
36
On what hemisphere does language processing occur?
Left side
37
What is Broca's area do?
The motor ability to form words you want to speak
38
What is Wernicke's area do?
For processing words and speaking the words you want to be able to say
39
Where is Broca's area?
Frontal lobe
40
Where is Wernicke's area?
Mainly temporal lobe and some of parietal lobe
41
What is the area posterior to the post central gyrus for?
Sensory association
42
Is the language side of the brain always on the left side?
No
| 95% of population has language association on the left hemisphere.
43
What area of the brain is considered to the the "lie zone"?
Left prefrontal cortex
44
Where does the basal ganglia receive input from?
Cortex and other areas
45
Where does the basal ganglia relay output to?
Motor and premotor areas
46
What movements is the basal ganglia important for?
Starting, stopping and monitoring movement
| To be able to control intensity of movement in antagonist muscles.
47
What is the basal ganglia neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
48
What disease lacks dopamine?
Parkinsons
49
What are the symptoms of basal ganglia problems/Parkinsons?
Tremor
"Pill rolling" = tremors of hand
Shuffling gait
Rigidity
50
What sits directly lateral to the thalamus?
Basal ganglia: globus pallidus and putamen
51
What is the extension of the putamen that encircles back behind the thalamus?
Caudate
52
What are the four parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
53
What does the thalamus do?
Receiving information from body and sending it to the appropriate parts of the brain
54
What part of the brain is known as the 'relay centre'?
Thalamus
55
Where is the pineal gland found?
In the epithalamus
56
What does the pineal gland do?
Produces melatonin which regulates sleep cycle
57
What kind of functions does the pituitary gland have?
Endocrine
58
What part of the brain controls and integrates activity of the ANS - which includes heart rate, gut and bladder control?
Hypothalamus
59
What part of the brain regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus
60
What part of the brain contains the satiety centre?
Hypothalamus
61
What part of the brain regulates thirst?
Hypothalamus
62
What part of the brain is the sleep/wake centre?
Hypothalamus
63
What part of the brain controls the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
64
What part of the brain controls the formation of memory?
Hypothalamus
65
Where does the pituitary gland sit in relation to the hypothalamus?
Pititary gland sits below the hypothalamus
66
Where does the epithalamus sit in relation to the thalamus?
Inferior and slightly posterior to the thalamus
67
Where does the epithalamus sit in relation to the hypothalamus?
Posterior
68
Where does the hypothalamus sit in relation to the thalamus?
Inferior and slightly anterior to the thalamus
69
What part of the brain is known as the "primitive brain"?
Limbic system
70
What are the two components of the limbic system?
Amygdala and hippocampus
71
Where is the limbic system found in the brain?
Temporal lobe
72
What are the 'primitive' responses elicited by the limbic system?
Increased heart rate/blood pressure, increased respiration, sweating
73
What part of the brain monitors emotions such as friendship, love, joy, fear and aggression?
Amygdala = Limbic system
74
What part of the brain associates with stored memories?
Limbic system
75
What other system is the limbic system closely linked to?
Olfactory system
76
Alzheimer's patients are likely to have damage to which area of the brain?
Limbic system
77
Inability to complete simple tasks because you forget why is a symptom of a lesion in what area of the brain?
Limbic system
78
Inability to recognize objects or faces is a symptom of a lesion in what area of the brain?
Limbic system
79
Consuming things you shouldn't eat is a symptom of a lesion in what area of the brain?
Limbic system
80
Increased sexual desire but no perforce to gender or species is a symptom of a lesion in what area of the brain?
Limbic system
81
What part of the brain coordinates skeletal muscle action?
Cerebellum
82
What part of the brain compares instructions with performance?
Cerebellum
83
A lesion/damage to what part of the brain would result in disturbances in gait, inability to walk a line heel to toe, fall or tilt towards injured side?
Cerebellum
84
A lesion/damage to what part of the brain results in inability to coordinate muscles for speech?
Cerebellum
85
Outputting information from the right cortex is sent to which side of the body?
Left
86
Outputting information from the right cerebellum is sent to which side of the body?
Right
87
What causes ipsilateral cerebellum output?
Information crosses the spinal cord twice.
88
What are the two parts of the medulla oblongata?
Pyramids and olive
89
What part of the brain stem merges with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
90
What is is the position of the pyramids of the medulla oblongata relative to the olives?
The olives sit lateral to the pyramids on the medulla oblongata
91
What structure is inferior to the diencephalon?
Midbrain
92
What structure are the colliculi in the brain associated with?
Midbrain
93
How many colliculi in the brain are there? What do they look like?
2
| Small bumps
94
Arre the colliculi of the midbrain visible to see on a removed brain?
No - between the cerebellum and occipital lobe
95
What structure are visual and auditory reflexes associated with?
Midbrain
96
What cranial nerves are part of the midbrain?
Cn N III (occulomotor) and IV (trochlear)
97
What is the purpose of the pons?
Acts like a bridge to other areas of the brain
98
What cranial nerves are part of the pons?
Cn N V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), VII (facial)
99
What cranial nerves are part of the medulla oblongata?
Cn N VIII (vestibulochochlear), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (accessory), XII (hypoglossal)
100
What part of the brain contains the cardiac centre which adjusts rate and force of heart contractions?
Medulla oblongata
101
What part of the brain contains the vasomotor centre which adjusts blood vessel diameter?
Medulla oblongata
102
What part of the brain contains the respiratory centre which controls rate and depth of breathing?
Medulla oblongata
103
What part of the brain is the reflex centre for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, committing, salvation sweating, movements of the tongue and head?
Medulla oblongata
104
At what point does the medulla oblongata transition into the spinal cord?
When it passes through the foramen magnum
105
What is cranial nerve I?
Olfactory
106
What is cranial nerve II?
Optic
107
What is cranial nerve III?
Oculomotor
108
What is cranial nerve IV?
Trochlear
109
What is cranial nerve V?
Trigeminal
110
What is cranial nerve VI?
Abducens
111
What is cranial nerve VII?
Facial
112
What is cranial nerve VIII?
Vestibulocochlear
113
What is cranial nerve IX?
Glossopharyngeal
114
What is cranial nerve X?
Vagus
115
What is cranial nerve XI?
Accessory
116
What is cranial nerve XII?
Hypoglossal
117
What is the area of the brain where the olfactory nerve originates?
Very top near midline; has olfactory tract and olfactory bulb
118
What is the area of the brain where the optic nerve originates?
From the optic chiasm
119
What is the area of the brain where the oculomotor nerve originates?
Midbrain - most medially
120
What is the area of the brain where the trochlear nerve originates?
Midbrain (along the side of the pons) - between oculomotor superiorly and trigeminal inferiorly
121
What is the area of the brain where the trigeminal nerve originates?
Side of pons - inferior to trochlear
122
What is the area of the brain where the abducens nerve originates?
Base of pons above pyramids - most medially
123
What is the area of the brain where the facial nerve originates?
Base of pons above olives - with the branches of vestibulocochlear - between abducens superiorly and the branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus inferiorly
124
What is the area of the brain where the vestibulocochlear nerve originates?
Side of medulla oblongata (olives) with the branches of facial - between abducens superiorly and the branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus inferiorly
125
What is the area of the brain where the glossopharyngeal nerve originates?
Side of medulla oblongata (olives) with the branches of vagus - between vestibulocochlear/facial superiorly and accessory inferiorly
126
What is the area of the brain where the vagus nerve originates?
Side of medulla oblongata (olives) with the branches of glossopharyngeal - between vestibulocochlear/facial superiorly and accessory inferiorly
127
What is the area of the brain where the accessory nerve originates?
Running down the side of the medulla oblongata below the olives/pyramids
128
What is the area of the brain where the hypoglossal nerve originates?
Side of medulla oblongata (pyramids)
129
Which cranial nerves have multiple - visible - nerve roots?
Facial (VII) , Vestibulocochlear (VIII), Glossopharyngeal (IX) , Vagus (X), Accessory (XI) , Hypoglossal (XII)
130
What nerve has roots exiting the same place as the facial nerve?
Vestibulocochlear
131
What nerve as roots exiting the same place as the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Facial
132
What nerve has roots exiting the same place as the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Vagus
133
What nerve has roots exiting the same place as the vagus nerve?
Glossopharyngeal
134
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N I?
Smell
135
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N II?
Sight
136
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N III?
Eye movement medially, and up and down
137
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N IV?
Eye movement downwards and outwards
138
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N V?
Sensation on face; ability to chew
139
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N VI?
Eye movement laterally
140
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N VII?
Muscles of the face (ability to smile), salvation, taste
141
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N VIII?
Hearing and balance
142
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N IX?
Gag reflex, taste, swallowing, salvation
143
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N X?
Voice
144
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N XI?
Shrug shoulders, turn head
145
What test is used to check for a lesion in Cn N XII?
Stick out tongue
146
What nerve is known as the "wanderer" nerve?
Vagus
147
What nerve exits through the cribiform plate?
Olfactory (I)
148
What nerve exits through the optical canal?
Optic (II)
149
What nerves exit through the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), Opthalmic division of Trigeminal (V - 1), Abducens (VI)
150
What nerves exit through the interior auditory meatus?
Facial (VII), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
151
What nerves exit through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X), Accessory (XI)
152
What nerve exits through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal (XII)
153
What cranial nerves are (only) motor nerves?
Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI), Accessory (XI), Hypoglossal (XII)
154
What cranial nerves are (only) sensory nerves?
Olfactory (I), Optic (II), Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
155
What cranial nerves are both motor and sensory?
Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)
156
What nerve exits through the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary division of Trigeminal V - 2
157
What nerve exits through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular division of Trigeminal V - 3
158
What is the autonomic innervation of facial nerve?
Parasympathetic neurons to [stimulate] salivary glands and lacrimal gland (tears)
159
What is the sensory innervation of facial nerve?
Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
160
What is the motor innervation of facial nerve?
Muscles of facial expression
161
What are the 6 motor branches of facial nerve?
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
Posterior Auricular
```
162
What does the facial nerve (and dividing branches) pass through when leaving the skull?
Parotid gland
163
What is the parotid gland?
Major salivary gland
164
What is the origin, insertion and function of the frontalis muscle?
O: Aponeurosis of scalp (attaches to occipitals)
I: Skin of forehead
Function: Elevates eyebrows, pulls scalp forward
165
What is the origin, insertion and function of the occipitalis muscle?
O: Aponeurosis of scalp (attaches to frontalis)
I: Skin of occipital region
Function: Skills skin posteriorly
166
What is the origin, insertion, and function of the orbicular is oculi muscle?
O: Medial aspect of eye socket
I: Medial aspect of eye socket
Function: Close eye
167
What is the origin, insertion and function of the orbicular is oris muscle?
O: Fascia and skin of lips
I: Fascia and skin of lips
Function: Pucker mouth
168
What is the origin, insertion and function of the zygomaticus major/minor muscles?
O: Zygomatic arch
I: Angle of mouth
Function: Elevates angles of mouth (smile)
169
What is the origin, insertion and function of the buccinator muscle?
O: Mandible
I: Angle of mouth and lateral portion of upper and lower lips
Function: sucks in mouth (keeps cheeks from blowing out)
170
What is the origin, insertion and function of the depressor anguli oris?
O: Skin and fascia of lips
I: Skin and fascia of lips
Function: Depresses angles of mouth (frown)
171
What area does the platysma cover?
Carotid triangle
172
What are the two muscles that lift the eyebrow/eye lid?
Frontalis and levator palpebrae superioris
173
What is the function of the levator labii superioris?
Raise the upper lip
174
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris?
Lower the lower up
175
What muscle of the mouth aids in grimacing?
Risorius
176
What is the function of the risorius?
Pulls the corner of the mouth laterally
177
What is the function of the nasalis?
Scrunch nose
178
What is Bell's Palsy?
Temporary loss of function of facial muscles do to VII nerve compression. Can lead to permanent damage.
179
Chordae tympani is a branch of what cranial nerve?
Facial (VII)
180
Chordae tympani runs with which nerve?
Lingual nerve - V - 3
181
What are the functions of chordae tympani?
Autonomic (secretomotor) to the salivary glands and sensory/taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
182
Where are tears released from?
Lacrimal gland
183
Greater petrosal nerve is a branch of what cranial nerve?
Facial (VII)
184
What type of nerve function does the greater petrosal nerve have?
Secretomotor
185
What stimulates the lacrimal gland?
Greater petrosal nerve
186
What type of functioning losses would result from a lesion to the pons?
Motor, sensory, and secretomotor
187
Inflammation to the parotid gland would result in what type of symptoms?
Loss of facial expression muscles
188
The parotid duct runs with which nerve?
Buccal branch of VII
189
After passing through the internal auditory meatus, how does Cn N VII exit the skull?
Stylomastoid foramen
190
Does the chordae tympani branch off of VII before or after the stylomastoid foramen?
Before
191
Does the greater petrosal nerve branch off of VII before or after the stylomastoid foramen?
Before
192
If there was a lesion just after the R stylomastoid foramen, what would be the results?
Loss of muscles of facial expression on the R side
193
What is the terminal branch of VI?
Supraorbital nerve
194
What is the terminal branch of V2?
Infraorbital nerve
195
What is the terminal branch of V3?
Mental
196
What is significant about the foramen for the terminal branches of Cn N V?
They are all vertically in line
197
Which of the three divisions of Cn N V has 4 additional sensory branches?
Cn N V - 3: Mandibular branch
198
What are the branches of V3?
Buccal,
Lingual
Inferior alveolar
Auriculotemporal
199
What is the difference between the buccal branch of V3 and the buccal branch of VII?
Buccal branch of V3 is sensory
| Buccal branch of VII is motor
200
What is the nerve that dentists try to anesthetize?
Inferior alveolar
201
Where does the V3 - buccal branch travel to?
Sensory to cheek
202
Where does the V3 - lingual branch travel to?
Sensory to tongue (with chordae tympani)
203
Where does the V3 - inferior alveolar branch travel to?
Travels through mandibular foramen and out mental foramen = mental nerve (sensory to teeth)
204
Where does the V3 - auriculotemporal branch travel to?
Sensory to skin posterior to ear
205
What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
V3
206
What is the origin, insertion and function of the temporalis muscle?
O: Fascia of skull
I: Coranoid process of mandible
Function: Close/elevate jaw, retract jaw
207
What is the origin, insertion and function of the masseter muscle?
O: Zygomatic process
I: Angle of mandible
Function: Close/elevate jaw, assists in protruding jaw
208
What is the origin, insertion and function of the lateral pterygoid?
O: Lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
I: Head of mandible and articular disc
Function: Protrude jaw
209
What is the origin, insertion and function of the medial pterygoid?
O: Lateral pterygoid plate of phenoid
I: Angle of mandible
Function: Close/elevate jaw, assists in protruding jaw
210
Of the pterygoid muscles, which one is larger?
Medial pterygoid
211
What are the superficial mastication muscles?
Temporalis and masseter
212
What are the deep mastication muscles?
Lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid
213
What muscle runs in the same direction and assist the masseter muscle in mastication?
Medial pterygoid
214
Which muscle group allows the jaw to move from side to side?
Medial and lateral pterygoids
215
At what joint do the mastication muscles act?
Temporomandibular joint
216
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Hinge and gliding joint (synovial)
217
What region of the temporal bone is considered to contain the articular tubercle and mandibular fossa?
Squamous part of temporal bone
218
What region of the temporal bone is considered to contain the styloid process and external auditory meatus?
Tympanic part of temporal bone
219
Where does the mandibular head sit?
Mandibular fossa on the temporal bone
220
What prevents the head of the mandible from sliding forward?
Articular tubercle on temporal bone
221
What part of the temporal bone does the articular tubercle come from?
Zygomatic process
222
Where is the styloid process relative to the head of the mandible?
Posterior
223
Where is the styloid process relative to the external auditory meatus?
Inferior
224
Where is the styloid process relative to the tympanic part of the temporal bone?
Anterior
225
Where is the external auditory meatus relative to the tympanic part of the temporal bone?
Anterior
226
What soft tissue helps to stabilize the TMJ?
Joint capsule and lateral ligament
227
What sits in the mandibular fossa that helps with the gliding, and up and down motion?
Upper and lower joint cavities
228
Where is the articular disc relative to the joint cavities?
Sits in-between the upper and lower joint cavities
229
What part of the TMJ moves with the mandibular head?
Articular disc
230
What muscle is attached to the articular disc?
Lateral pterygoid
231
What problems could a displaced articular disc cause?
Problems protruding jaw
232
What muscles allow you to elevate the jaw?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
233
What allows you to depress the jaw?
Gravity
Anterior digastric
Mylohyoid and other [unnamed] hyoid
234
What muscles allow you to protrude the jaw?
Lateral pterygoid
* assisted by* medial pterygoid
* assisted by* masseter
235
What muscles allow you to retract the jaw?
Temporalis
| Posterior digastric
236
What are the two layers of dura mater?
Periosteal and meningeal
237
What is the periosteal dura mater attached to?
Inside of the skull - attached to bone
238
What is the meningeal dura mater attached to?
Arachnoid mater
239
What layer is deep to the dura mater?
Subdural space
240
What layer is deep to the subdural space?
Arachnoid mater
241
What layer is deep to the arachnoid mater?
Subarachnoid space
242
What layer is deep to to the subarachnoid space?
Pia mater
243
Where is cerebral spinal fluid found?
Subarachnoid space
244
Where are blood vessels found (in layers surrounding brain)?
Subarachnoid space
245
What layer - surrounding the skull - are venous sinuses found?
Between the periosteal and meningeal dura mater layers
246
What drains CSF into venous sinuses?
Arachnoid villi
247
What act like veins surrounding the brain?
Venous sinuses
248
What do the venous sinuses?
Direct blood back towards the heart
249
What do all dural sinuses drain into (eventually)?
Internal jugular vein
250
How does the internal jugular vein get out of the skull?
Jugular foramen
251
What is the purpose of dual partitions of the head?
Separate different parts of the brain
252
What is separated by the faux cerebrae?
Right and left hemispheres
253
What is separated by tentorium cerebelli?
Cerebellum and cortex
254
The faux cerebrae and tentorium cerebelli are examples of what?
Dura partitions
255
A midsagital cross section of the brain would allow you to see which two sinuses running from anterior to posterior around the brain?
Superior sagital sinus
| Inferior sagital sinus
256
What separates the superior sagital sinus and inferior sagital sinus?
Faux cerebrae
257
Where is the cavernous sinus found?
On either side of the pituitary gland
258
Where does the cavernous sinus drain from?
Midbrain
259
What drains into the internal jugular vein?
Sigmoid sinus
260
What drains into the sigmoid sinus?
Transverse sinus
Superior petrosal sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
261
What drains into the transverse sinus?
Superior sagital sinus
| Straight sinus
262
What drains into the straight sinus?
Inferior sagital sinus
| Great cerebral vein
263
What does the cavernous sinus drain into?
Superior petrosal sinus
| Inferior petrosal sinus
264
What is the purpose of the CSF?
Keeps brain ionic concentration
| Protects brain
265
Where does CSF come from?
Fluid leaking from capillaries and pH regulating cells in the ventricles
266
What is a cerebral ventricle?
Open space that produces CSF
267
What are the 3 CSF producing ventricles in the brain?
3rd ventricle
Lateral ventricle
4th ventricle
268
Where is the 3rd ventricle?
Midbrain (at midline)
269
Where is the lateral ventricle?
Centre of brain - wrapping around the 3rd ventricle
270
Which ventricle would you not be able to see on a mid-saggital section?
Lateral
271
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal in spinal cord?
Fourth
