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Western > Environmental Biology Part 2 > Flashcards

Environmental Biology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What % of Earth’s land surface do forests cover?

A

26-31%

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2
Q

What amount (hectares) of forest cover is there on Earth’s land surface?

A

4 billion hectares

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3
Q

A lot of forests are found in what area of the continent?

A

Edges of continent

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4
Q

What is the primary function of forests?

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

What are the 3 main roles of forests?

A

Provide habitat Maintain soil/air/water quality Biogeochemical cycles (inc. carbon reservoir)

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6
Q

What is the equation for carbon assimilation?

A

CO2 + water + light –> O2 + CHO

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7
Q

What are the two components of carbon assimilation/photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions Carbon reactions

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8
Q

What happens to the water in photosynthesis?

A

Converted into O2

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9
Q

What happens to the CO2 in photosynthesis?

A

Energy is being used to assimilate CO2 and water into CHO

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10
Q

What is net primary productivity?

A

The net flux of carbon from the atmosphere into green plants per unit time (g/m2/year) Rate process of the amount of vegetable matter produced per unit time

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11
Q

What is leaf area?

A

How much vegetation you have per square meter = amount of plants doing photosynthesis in the area

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12
Q

What is the relationship between NPP and leaf area?

A

Positive linear

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13
Q

What type of biome/type of forest is NPP greatest?

A

Coniferous forests

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14
Q

List (4) the biomes from NPP largest to smallest.

A

Coniferous forests > deciduous forests > grasslands > deserts

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15
Q

What part of the plant is responsible for light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll

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16
Q

What part of the plant is responsible for carbon reactions of photosynthesis?

A

Triose phosphates

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17
Q

What is the total ecosystem carbon amount (tons/acre)?

A

80 tons/acre

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18
Q

What is the yearly carbon store? (tons/acre)

A

0.7

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19
Q

What is the yearly carbon soil respiration? (tons/acre)

A

2.2

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20
Q

What is the yearly net photosynthesis? (tons of carbon/acre)?

A

2.9

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21
Q

What % of carbon is stored in the leaves?

A

1

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22
Q

What % of carbon is stored in the trunk and branches?

A

40

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23
Q

What % of carbon is stored in the soil organic matter?

A

45

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24
Q

What % of carbon is stored in tree roots?

A

13

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25
Q

What % of carbon is stored in woody debris?

A

1

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26
Q

What part of the plant drives transpiration?

A

Stomata

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27
Q

What causes water to move up a tree?

A

Difference in water potentials

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28
Q

What potential in the soil is always _____ than water potential in the air.

A

HIGHER

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29
Q

If water potential in the air is the asme as that in the soil (or if air>soil), stomata will ____ and ___ transpiration will occur.

A

Stomata will CLOSE and NO transpiration will occur

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30
Q

For 1 gram of organic matter made by the plant, approximately ___ g of water is absorbed by the roots, transported through the plant body, and lost to the atmosphere.

A

500

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31
Q

In a mature forest, what is the bottom most layer (above soil)?

A

Forest floor

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32
Q

In a mature forest, what is the layer above the forest floor?

A

Shrub layer

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33
Q

In a mature forest, what is the layer above the shrub layer?

A

Understory

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34
Q

In a mature forest, what is the layer above the understory?

A

Subcanopy

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35
Q

In a mature forest, what is the layer above the sub canopy?

A

Canopy

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36
Q

In a mature forest, what is the highest layer?

A

Canopy

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37
Q

In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find ground cover?

A

Forest floor

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38
Q

In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find leaf litter?

A

Forest floor

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39
Q

In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find moss and epiphytes?

A

Understory

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40
Q

In what layer of a mature forest are you likely to find roots?

A

Soil

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41
Q

In what layer of a mature forest does photosynthesis take place?

A

Canopy

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42
Q

What are the 3 major forest biomes?

A

Boreal forest Temperate forest Tropical forest

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43
Q

Boreal forests are found at ___ latitudes.

A

HIGH

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44
Q

The type of forest typically found in Canada, Sweden and Russia is ____?

A

Boreal

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45
Q

What type of trees are in boreal forests?

A

Coniferous

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46
Q

Describe the climate and growing season in a boreal forest.

A

Short, dry climate Short growing season

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47
Q

Temperate forests are found at ___ latitudes?

A

Mid

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48
Q

The type of forest typically found in SW Ontario, South America, Europe and Australia is ___.

A

Temperate

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49
Q

Describe the climate in a temperate forest?

A

Seasonal = winter + summer/growing season

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50
Q

Rank the forest biomes from highest to lowest biodiversity.

A

Tropical > Temperate > Boreal

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51
Q

Tropical forests are found at ____ latitudes?

A

Low/equatorial

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52
Q

The type of forest typically found in East SA, Africa, Indonesia and Costal Australia is ___?

A

Tropical

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53
Q

True or false: there are deciduous trees but no coniferous trees in a tropical forest?

A

FALSE There are no deciduous trees OR coniferous trees in a tropical forest

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54
Q

What % of Russia’s land mass is covered by forests?

A

45%

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55
Q

What % of Canada’s land mass is covered by forests?

A

31%

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56
Q

What % of Brazil’s land mass is covered by forests?

A

56%

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57
Q

What % of USA’s land mass is covered by forests?

A

31%

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58
Q

What % of China’s land mass is covered by forests?

A

18%

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59
Q

Forests in the Canadian north are typically ____.

A

Coniferous

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60
Q

Forest in the Canadian East are typically ____.

A

Deciduous

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61
Q

What percent of carbon is stored in boreal forests?

A

60%

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62
Q

What precent of carbon is stored in tropical forests?

A

30%

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63
Q

What percent of carbon is stored in temperate forests?

A

10%

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64
Q

What percent of land area occupied by forest biomes?

A

40%

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65
Q

What percent of land area is occupied by deserts?

A

30%

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66
Q

What percent of land area is occupied by savannah?

A

15%

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67
Q

What percent of land area is occupied by tundra?

A

10%

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68
Q

What percent of land area is occupied by grasslands?

A

5%

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69
Q

In the last 60 years, CO2 levels in the atmosphere have risen from ~___ to ___ ppm.

A

300 to 400

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70
Q

The annual flux of carbon in the atmophsere is caused by the amount of _______

A

Photosynthesis done by forests in growing seasons

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71
Q

Original forest cover prior to industrial revolution = ___ square kilometres / x/x of total land area.

A

62 million 2/3

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72
Q

Current forest cover = ___ square kilometres / x/x of total land area.

A

33 million 1/3

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73
Q

Current forest loss per year = ___ square kilometres.

A

0.11 million

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74
Q

Speculative time before all forests are lost = ___ years.

A

300

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75
Q

True or false: forest edge is a different habitat than the first core?

A

TRUE

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76
Q

Forests can ____ soil and ____ erosion.

A

STABLIZE soil and PREVENT erosion

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77
Q

Forests can ___ flooding

A

LESSEN

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78
Q

True or false: forests purify water.

A

TRUE

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79
Q

How do forests purify water?

A

Minerals in the water end up staying inside the tree when the water is absorbed and released OR plants can absorb minerals/heavy metals from the soil and retain them before they contaminate water

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80
Q

Of the designated functions of the world’s forests, what is the largest component?

A

Production

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81
Q

Of the designated functions of the world’s forests, what % is production?

A

30

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82
Q

Of the designated functions of the world’s forests, what % is protection?

A

8

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83
Q

Of the designated functions of the world’s forests, what % is conservation?

A

12

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84
Q

Of the designated functions of the world’s forests, what % is social services?

A

4

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85
Q

Of the designated functions of the world’s forests, what % is multiple use?

A

24

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86
Q

Of the designated functions of the world’s forests, what % is unknown?

A

16

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87
Q

What type of trees does soft wood come from?

A

Coniferous trees

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88
Q

What type of trees does hard wood come from?

A

Deciduous trees

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89
Q

What are NTFPs?

A

Non timber forest products = medicinal, herbal, decorative, and edible products

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90
Q

What type of wood does coniferous trees produce?

A

Softwood

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91
Q

What type of wood does deciduous trees produce?

A

Hardwood

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92
Q

What type of tree cutting method is most cost effective?

A

Clearcutting

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93
Q

What is the clearcutting method?

A

ALL trees in an area are cut leaving only stumps.

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94
Q

What tree cutting method has the greatest impact on forest ecosystems?

A

Clearcutting

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95
Q

What type of tree cutting method mimics natural disturbances/fire?

A

Clearcutting

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96
Q

What are alleopaths?

A

Secondary metabolites which plants produce which are toxins and prevent growth of another plant species around the [tree]

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97
Q

What type of tree cutting would remove alleopaths?

A

Clearcutting

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98
Q

What is seed-tree/shelterwood approach to tree cutting?

A

Remove the MAJORITY of trees from an area but leave some

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99
Q

What is selection harvest approach to tree cutting?

A

Remove the MINORITY of trees from an area; carefully selected

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100
Q

What tree cutting method removes ALL the trees?

A

Clearcutting

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101
Q

What tree cutting method removes the MAJORITY of trees?

A

Shelterwood/seed-tree

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102
Q

What tree cutting method removes the MINORITY of trees?

A

Selection harvest

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103
Q

What is reforestation?

A

Planting of trees after logging

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104
Q

What is afforestation?

A

Planting of trees where forested cover has not existed for over 50 years

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105
Q

What is the maximum sustainable yield (re: forest)?

A

A principle of renewable resource management relying on cutting trees shortly after they have gown through their fastest stage of growth (grow most quickly at intermediate ages)

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106
Q

True or false: Plantation forestry has decreased in North America.

A

FALSE

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107
Q

What is the largest cause of deforestation in Canada?

A

Agriculture

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108
Q

What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to agriculture?

A

53%

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109
Q

What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to forest roads?

A

10

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110
Q

What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to hydroelectricity?

A

10

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111
Q

What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to industry and resource extraction?

A

10

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112
Q

What percent of deforestation in Canada is attributed to urban development, transportation, and recreation?

A

20

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113
Q

True or false: agriculture covers more of the planet’s surface than forests.

A

TRUE

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114
Q

What is the principle driver of land conservation today?

A

Agriculture

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115
Q

What is swidden agriculture?

A

Small area of forest cleared and crops are planted.

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116
Q

What is the typical grow:recover season ratio in swidden agriculture?

A

1-2 growing:7 year soil recovery

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117
Q

True or false: swidden agriculture is a relatively new type of plantation forestry.

A

FALSE

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118
Q

True or false: deforestation decreases CO2 in the atmosphere

A

FALSE

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119
Q

What area has the highest rate of deforestation?

A

Tropical rainforests of Latin America/Africa

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120
Q

What are the components of the Canadian National Forest Strategy for 03-08?

A

Recognizing rights of Aboriginals Diversification of markets for forest products Better skills and knowledge of forest practitioners Engaging Canadians in sustainability through urban forests Support private woodlots for forest sustainability National forest reporting system Better sustainability through legislation and policies Ecosystem based management

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121
Q

True or false: Jack Pine trees need a forest fire in order to release seeds.

A

TRUE

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122
Q

True or false Krtland Warbler birds ONLY nest under young Jack Pine trees

A

TRUE

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123
Q

What are ground fires?

A

The litter layer itself burns (vs. crown fires)

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124
Q

What are crown fires?

A

The upper tree canopy burns (vs. ground fires)

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125
Q

What is the effect of a ground fire?

A

Microorganisms and vegetation die Trees can survive as long as fire doesn’t damage trunks/respiration

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126
Q

What is the the effect of a crown fire?

A

Entire canopy dies, bust most of the lower vegetation survives as long as it can survive the heat (underground)

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127
Q

How can trees cope with wind?

A

Crowded forest

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128
Q

Trees with larger trunks have ____ carbon storage.

A

MORE

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129
Q

What are gibberellins?

A

Plant hormones that are important for stem growth

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130
Q

What are gibberellins used for?

A

Makers in tree breeding

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131
Q

What is the relationship between future stem diameter and gibberellin levels in 3 month old seedings?

A

Linear

132
Q

What is air pollution?

A

The introduction of particles, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth’s atmosphere, causing diseases, death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, or to the natural or build environment.

133
Q

True or false: Air pollution can come from fertilizer?

A

TRUE

134
Q

True or false: Air pollution can come from volcanoes?

A

TRUE

135
Q

True or false: Air pollution can come from lightening?

A

TRUE

136
Q

What are the 3 major natural pollutants?

A

Dust storms, volcanic eruptions, burning vegetation

137
Q

During a dust storm, millions of tons of dust are blown ___ across the ______________ by trade winds every year.

A

WESTWARD ATLANTIC OCEAN

138
Q

What area is commonly impacted in the USA by dust storms?

A

South & central

139
Q

Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of ______________________.

A

Particulate matter Sulfur dioxide Other gases

140
Q

Over ____ hectares of forests and grasslands burn every year.

A

60 million

141
Q

Forest fires increase air pollution by ________________.

A

Returning carbon to atmosphere.

142
Q

What are the 4 categories of air pollutants?

A

Criteria air contaminants Persistent organic pollutants Heavy metals Toxic air pollutants

143
Q

What are criteria air contaminants?

A

Pollutants judged to pose especially great threats to human health, produced by a number of processes (burning of fossil fuels)

144
Q

What type of air pollutant type is SO2?

A

Criteria air contaminants

145
Q

The concentration of SO2 in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ ____.

A

DECREASED from 13 to 5 PPB

146
Q

The concentration of CO in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ ____.

A

DECREASED from 2.2 to 0.7 PPM

147
Q

The concentration of NO2 in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ ____.

A

DECREASED from 21 to 18 PPB

148
Q

The concentration of OZONE in Canada between 1974-1994 ______ from ____ to ____ ____.

A

INCREASED from 16 to 22 PPB

149
Q

True or false: there is more NO2 than ozone in 1994?

A

FALSE

150
Q

True or false: there is more ozone than CO in 1994?

A

TRUE

151
Q

True or false: there is more CO than SO2 in 1994?

A

FALSE

152
Q

True or false: there is more NO2 than SO2 in 1994?

A

TRUE

153
Q

What are persistent organic pollutants?

A

Can last in the environment for long periods of time, they are volatile (evaporate readily)

154
Q

True or false: Persistent organic pollutants can enter the food supply.

A

TRUE

155
Q

What happens to organisms in the food chain that intake persistent organic pollutants?

A

Bioaccumulate

156
Q

What is the primary source of persistent organic pollutants?

A

Human activity

157
Q

What type of pollutant is DDT?

A

Persistent organic pollutant

158
Q

What type of pollutant is PCB?

A

Persistent organic pollutant

159
Q

What is PCB?

A

Colourless and odourless chemical that were once widely used in electrical equipment such as transformers and capacitors before their production was banned in 1970’s

160
Q

What is DDT?

A

Colourless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odourless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties

161
Q

What chemical is being described: Colourless and odourless chemical that were once widely used in electrical equipment such as transformers and capacitors before their production was banned in 1970’s

A

PCB

162
Q

What chemical is being described: Colourless, crystalline, tasteless and almost odourless organochloride known for its insecticidal properties

A

DDT

163
Q

True or false: PCB and DDT are both insecticides.

A

FALSE

164
Q

True or false: PCB and DDT are both colourless.

A

TRUE

165
Q

What are heavy metals?

A

Can be transported via air, water, and food supply, and can reside in the sediment for long period of time

166
Q

True or false: heavy metals are poisonous even at low concentrations.

A

TRUE

167
Q

True or false: heavy metals accumulate in body tissues.

A

TRUE

168
Q

Mercury and lead are examples of what type of pollutant?

A

Heavy metals

169
Q

True or false: plants that are light green are healthier than those that are dark green.

A

FALSE

170
Q

What does a light green colour in a plant indicate?

A

Destruction of chlorophyll

171
Q

True or false: some plants can tolerate high levels of heavy metals.

A

TRUE

172
Q

What are toxic air pollutants?

A

Broad category of other pollutants as being harmful or toxic

173
Q

True or false: heavy metals are known to cause cancer, developmental problems and neurological problems.

A

FALSE (Toxic air pollutants)

174
Q

True or false: toxic air pollutants over lap with other type of pollutants?

A

TRUE

175
Q

What type of pollutant is ozone?

A

Toxic air pollutant & criteria air pollutant

176
Q

What produces 50% of the toxic industrial air pollution the states?

A

Electricity generation

177
Q

What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by chemicals?

A

15

178
Q

What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by paper products?

A

13

179
Q

What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by food and beverages?

A

4

180
Q

What percent of the toxic industrial air pollution in the US is caused by primary metals?

A

3

181
Q

What is the most common, widespread air quality problem?

A

Smog

182
Q

What is smog?

A

Unhealthy mixtures of air pollutants over urban areas

183
Q

What are the two types of smog?

A

Industrial smog Photochemical smog

184
Q

True or false: industrial smog generally occurs in cooler, hilly areas?

A

TRUE

185
Q

True or false: government regulations in developed cities have had NO significant effect on reducing smog.

A

FALSE

186
Q

True or false: coal burning industrializing countries face significant health risks?

A

TRUE

187
Q

How is photochemical smog produced?

A

Series of reactions where air pollutants from fuel burning are converted into different chemicals in the presence of light

188
Q

True or false: vehicle inspection productions have decreased PHOTOCHEMICAL smog.

A

TRUE

189
Q

___ ppm concentrations of ozone effectively block UV ration.

A

12 ppm

190
Q

What are chlorofluorocarbons?

A

Chemicals that attack ozone

191
Q

What is it about CFCs that split ozone?

A

Release chlorine

192
Q

True or false: global ozone depletion causes skin cancer, harms crops and decreases ocean productivity.

A

TRUE

193
Q

True or false: in 1980-1990 there as a movement to save ozone to prevent UV radiation?

A

TRUE

194
Q

What caused the movement to save ozone in 1980-1990s?

A

Ozone in atmosphere was depleting (300 > 100) over 40 years

195
Q

Where is the ozone hole located?

A

Over Antarctica

196
Q

Ozone levels over the Antarctica have declined by _____%.

A

40-60

197
Q

True or false: Acid deposition is localized to highly populated areas like Asia and Africa.

A

FALSE. Acid deposition is a transboundary pollution problem.

198
Q

What is acid deposition?

A

The deposition of acid or acid forming pollutants from the atmosphere into Earth’s surface

199
Q

Where does acid deposition originate from?

A

Burning fossil fuels

200
Q

What is the chemical reaction/equation of acid deposition?

A

NO + SO2 + water + oxygen –> H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid)

201
Q

Rain and other forms of precipitation with a pH less than ___ are considered acidified.

A

5.1

202
Q

True or false: Acid despition can have a wide ranging, cumulative detrimental effect on ecosystems and on our built environment.

A

TRUE

203
Q

True or false: Acids leech nutrients from the top soil.

A

TRUE

204
Q

High aluminium concentrations in plants results in _____.

A

Stunted roots with low # of branches.

205
Q

How does acid deposition effect the cation exchange?

A

Mobilizes toxic metal ions

206
Q

How does acid deposition effect built structures?

A

Erodes and corrodes structures

207
Q

True or false: outdoor air pollution contains higher concentrations of pollutants than indoor air.

A

FALSE

208
Q

____ people die from indoor air pollution PER DAY.

A

6000

209
Q

Burning wood, charcoal, dung, crop wastes fro cooking and eating ____ indoor air pollution.

A

INCREASES

210
Q

True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause bronchitis?

A

TRUE

211
Q

True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause type 2 diabetes?

A

FALSE

212
Q

True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause heart disease?

A

TRUE

213
Q

True or false: indoor air pollution has been known to cause cancer?

A

TRUE

214
Q

True or false: indoor air pollution has been linked to premature death.

A

TRUE

215
Q

Indoor air pollution is a bigger problem for ____ countries.

A

DEVELOPING

216
Q

True or false: tiny living organisms decrease the indoor pollution levels.

A

FALSE

217
Q

Dust mites and animal dander can worsen _____.

A

Asthma

218
Q

____ is the most dangerous indoor pollutant in the developed world.

A

Tobacco smoke

219
Q

Tobacco smoke contains over _____ dangerous chemicals.

A

4000

220
Q

True or false: smoking as increased in developed nations.

A

FALSE

221
Q

What is a mineral?

A

Naturally occurring solid chemical element OR inorganic compound with a crystal structure, a specific chemical composition, and distinct physical properties

222
Q

True or false: there are some minerals without a crystal structure

A

FALSE

223
Q

True or false: minerals are everywhere in our products

A

TRUE

224
Q

We obtain minerals and metals by _____

A

MINING

225
Q

What is mining?

A

Systematic removal of rock, soil, or other material for the purpose of extracting minerals of economic interest

226
Q

Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is natural resources?

A

7

227
Q

Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is services?

A

72

228
Q

Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is manufacturing?

A

13

229
Q

Of the GDP per industrial sector in Canada, what % is construction and utilities?

A

8

230
Q

What are the seven types of mining?

A

Strip mining Subsurface mining Open pit mining Pacer mining Mountaintop mining Solution mining Marine mining

231
Q

What is strip mining?

A

Layers of soil and rock are removed to expose the resource

232
Q

What is strip mining used for?

A

Coal, oil sands, sand, gravel

233
Q

What are the downfalls of strip mining?

A

Destroys natural communities over large areas and triggers erosion

234
Q

What type of mining can cause acid drainage?

A

Strip mining, subsurface mining, open pit mining

235
Q

What is acid drainage (from mining)?

A

Sulphide minerals form sulphuric acid and flow into the waterways. As the toxic sulphuric acid runs off, it leaches meters from the rocks which is toxic.

236
Q

The toxic liquid of acid drainage is called _____

A

Leachate

237
Q

How are zinc, lead, nickel, tin, gold, diamonds, phosphate, salt, and coal are typically mined?

A

Subsurface mining

238
Q

What is subsurface mining?

A

Build tunnels to mine for deposits that is found in streams.

239
Q

The deepest subsurface mining mines are ____ deep.

A

4 km

240
Q

What is the most dangerous form of mining?

A

Subsurface mining

241
Q

What are some of the dangerous things of subsurface mining?

A

Dynamite blasts, collapsed tunnels, toxic fumes, coal dust

242
Q

True or false: subsurface mines can affect people years after they close.

A

TRUE

243
Q

What can subsurface mines do to affect the environment years after they close?

A

Acid drainage, polluted ground water, sinkholes damage roads and homes

244
Q

True or false: strip mining is more expensive than subsurface mining?

A

FALSE

245
Q

Why would you chose to do subsurface mining over strip mining?

A

More economical than strip mining if the coal layers are not horizontal; able to get lower in the ground; less waste rock

246
Q

What type of mining is used for evenly distributed minerals?

A

Open pit mining

247
Q

True or false: open pit mining is terraced so men and machines can move around?

A

TRUE

248
Q

What are the downfalls of open pit mining?

A

Habitat loss from location and also waste rock, aesthetic degradation, acid drainage

249
Q

When is open pit mining done economically?

A

When source is not found in layers but found in large clumps (can’t isolate strips)

250
Q

What is pacer mining?

A

Miners use running water and to sift material in riverbeds

251
Q

What type of mining is used mostly for gold and gems?

A

Pacer mining

252
Q

What effect does the debris from pacer mining have on the environment?

A

Makes streams inhabitable for wildlife

253
Q

What are the downfall of pacer mining?

A

Disturbs stream banks, causes erosion, harms riparian plant communities, removes water from ecosystem, removal of large quantities of rock

254
Q

True or false: pacer mining is better for the environment than open pit mining, subsurface mining, and strip mining.

A

TRUE

255
Q

What happens in mountaintop mining?

A

Entire mountain tops are blasted off and the waste is dumped into valleys causing valley filling

256
Q

True or false: mountaintop mining is economically efficient.

A

TRUE

257
Q

What are the downfalls of mountaintop mining?

A

Pollutes streams, deforests areas, erosion, mudslides, flash floods, destruction of valley ecosystem, coal dust from transportation makes people ill

258
Q

True or false: people living in communities near mountaintop mining experience social and health impacts.

A

TRUE

259
Q

True or false: local politicians help the locals against the effects of mountaintop mining?

A

FALSE

260
Q

True or false: mine blasting of mountaintop mining cracks foundations and walls of houses

A

TRUE

261
Q

What is solution mining?

A

Resources in a deep deposit are dissolved in a liquid and siphoned out

262
Q

How are salts, lithium, boron, bromine, potash, copper and uranium mined?

A

Solution mining

263
Q

Describe how potash is mined.

A

Hot water is injected into the potash layer 2 km below surface. Salt water dissolves the potash and forms a cavity. Salt and potash water pumped to solar evaporation ponds

264
Q

True or false: solution mining has less environment impact than other methods

A

TRUE

265
Q

What are the downfalls of solution mining?

A

Acids/heavy metals/uranium leak into groundwater; salt from solar evaporation pond destroys environment

266
Q

What is the benefit of solution mining?

A

Don’t have to destroy much surface area or remove the soil levels to get to resources underground

267
Q

Where is magnesium harvested from?

A

Seawater via marine mining

268
Q

How are sulphur, phosphate, calcium carbonate, silica, copper, zinc, copper, silver and gold can all be mined by _____.

A

Marine mining

269
Q

What are the downfalls of marine mining?

A

Destroy habitalts/organisms from ocean floor, release toxic metals that could enter the food chain

270
Q

True or false: restoring mine sites is relatively easy

A

FALSE

271
Q

In Canada, companies are required to _____ to cover reclamation costs _____ mine development is approved.

A

POST BONDS BEFORE

272
Q

Reclamation aims to bring a site to a condition __________.

A

Similar to its pre mining condition

273
Q

What can environmental biologists do about mining?

A

Prevent mining Reclamation

274
Q

True or false: even on restored sites, impacts may be long lasting and severe

A

TRUE

275
Q

During the restoration process, _____ communities are ____.

A

COMPLEX SIMPLIFIED

276
Q

True or false: essential symbiosis are eliminated and often not restored during reclamation.

A

TRUE

277
Q

True or false: water can be properly reclaimed.

A

TRUE

278
Q

Why can’t you plant anything for a long period of time during mining reclamation?

A

No humus layer of soil

279
Q

It is hypothesized that indium (used for LCD screens) will last ___ more years.

A

32

280
Q

True or false: the sources for gallium are scarce?

A

TRUE

281
Q

True or false: the sources of titanium are scarce?

A

FALSE

282
Q

True or false: the sources of platinum are scarce?

A

TRUE

283
Q

True or false: we are NOT facing any problems for the next hundred + years in terms of mineral availability .

A

TRUE

284
Q

True or false: electronic waste is rapidly rising

A

TRUE

285
Q

___% of cell phones are recycled in Canada.

A

12

286
Q

The market value of 500 million unused cell phones in terms of minerals is _____.

A

314 million

287
Q

Cell phones use the most ____ mineral.

A

Copper

288
Q

Current increase in CO2 levels is ___ per year. This level is expected to ___.

A

2 PPM RISE

289
Q

Why will CO2 emissions rise?

A

Increased human population Increased industrialization

290
Q

The same factors that will increase CO2 emissions will also accelerate _______

A

FOREST LOSS

291
Q

The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1884 to 2010 shows a ______ slope.

A

POSITIVE

292
Q

The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1890 to 1990 shows a ______ slope which is ____ than the slope from 1884-2010.

A

POSITIVE LESS

293
Q

The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1953 to 1978 shows a ______ slope.

A

NEGATIVE

294
Q

The trend line of average yearly temperatures from 1953 to 1968 shows a ______ slope which is ___ than the slope from 1953-1978.

A

NEGATIVE GREATER

295
Q

Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1884-2010 from ___ °C to ___ °C but the fluctuations were ____.

A

INCREASED 6.5 8 HUGE

296
Q

Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1890-1990 from ___ °C to ___ °C

A

INCREASED 7 8

297
Q

Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1953-1978 from ___ °C to ___ °C

A

DECLINED 8 7

298
Q

Average yearly temperatures in London have ___ from 1953-1968 from ___ °C to ___ °C

A

DECLINED 8.5 7

299
Q

Over the last 125 years, CO2 levels have increased by ___% (___ to ___ ppm)

A

25% 280 380 ppm

300
Q

Over the last 125 years, mean yearly temperatures have increased ___% (___ to___)

A

25% 6.5 8

301
Q

What is the greenhouse gas of primary concern?

A

CO2

302
Q

What is greenhouse gas?

A

Gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing inferred radiation (CO2)

303
Q

What is the most abundant greenhouse gas?

A

Water vapour

304
Q

What is the greenhouse fas that is the biggest contributor to the greenhouse effect?

A

Water vapour

305
Q

True or false: water vapour works in a positive feedback loop.

A

TRUE

306
Q

True or false: CO2, CH4, and NO all increased in atmospheric conditions at the same time.

A

TRUE

307
Q

True or false: there is more CO2 in the atmosphere than CH4

A

FALSE

308
Q

True or false: there is more CO2 in the atmosphere than NO

A

TRUE

309
Q

Describe the water vapour-greenhouse positive feedback loop.

A

Adding CO2 to the atmosphere tends to warm the atmosphere causing global warming The warm atmosphere causes surface water to evaporate and become water vapour The atmosphere tends to warm as even more water vapour increases.

310
Q

In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, where is expected to have MORE precipitation?

A

By the poles

311
Q

In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, where is expected to have LESS precipitation?

A

In bands surrounding the equator

312
Q

In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, where is expected to have THE SAME precipitation?

A

Equator AND top/bottom 1/4

313
Q

In the projected changes in June-Aug precipitation from 2090-2099, what type of precipitation changes are seen in south western Ontario?

A

None

314
Q

Canada’s ice shelves have shrunk by ___ over the last 100 years!

A

90%

315
Q

Describe the positive feedback loop re: melting of ice shelves

A

As snow and ice melt, darker and less reflective surface are exposed which absorb more radiation causing faster melting.

316
Q

Sea levels have been significantly rising from ____

A

1930

317
Q

Rising sea levels is mainly due to _____

A

Thermal expansion

318
Q

40% of the rising sea water can be attributed to ____.

A

Glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets

319
Q

As global warming progresses, animals and plants will move towards the ____ or ______ in elevation.

A

POLES UPWARDS

320
Q

_____% of all species will be threatened with extinction as global warming progress.

A

25-30

321
Q

True or false: not all animals will suffer from climate change

A

TRUE

322
Q

What suggests that animals and plants will be able to survive global climate change?

A

Huge fluctuations in yearly temperatures

323
Q

Suspect that the change in temperature in London by the end of the century will be increased by ____ °C.

A

4

324
Q

The average yearly temperatures fluctuate the most in ____ (months)

A

Jan/Feb

325
Q

True or false: the variation within each years temperature is consistent from year to year.

A

TRUE

326
Q

Smaller animals will be able to adapt ____ to climate change vs. larger animals.

A

MORE EASILY

327
Q

True or false: climate change is not a problem for annual plants.

A

TRUE

Western (14 decks)

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