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Western > Anatomy: Thorax > Flashcards

Anatomy: Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

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2
Q

What is another name for the sternal angle?

A

Angle of Louis

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3
Q

What is the sternal angle used as a landmark for?

A

Apex of heart

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4
Q

Which rib attaches at the level of the sternal angle?

A

2nd rib

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5
Q

How can you externally find the sternal angle?

A

3 fingers below the jugular notch

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6
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7

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7
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-12

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8
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11-12

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9
Q

Why are ribs 11 and 12 called ‘floating’?

A

There is no costal cartilage to connect to the sternum

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10
Q

What is the difference between true and false ribs?

A

False ribs do not have individual cartilage that attaches it to the sternum

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11
Q

What are the borders of the superior thoracic aperture?

A

T1
Margins of 1st rib
Manubrium

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12
Q

What defines the border of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Diaphragm

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

Neck, shoulder and arm pain
Numbness
Impaired circulation to UL

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14
Q

What is the jugular notch used to landmark?

A

Level of great vessels

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15
Q

What is the vertebrate level of the jugular notch?

A

T1/T2

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16
Q

What is the vertebrate level of the sternal angle?

A

T4

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17
Q

What is the vertebrate level of the the top of the diaphragm/top of xiphoid process?

A

T9

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18
Q

What is the vertebrate level of the posterior attachment of the diaphragm?

A

T12

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19
Q

Where are the pleural cavities relative to the mediastinum?

A

Pleural cavities are on either side of the mediastinum

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20
Q

What is the relative location of the vessels and nerve between the ribs?

A

Vein is superior
Artery is middle
Nerve is inferior

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21
Q

What do the intercostal vessels and nerves run between?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Innermost intercostal muscles

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22
Q

What is another name for the internal thoracic artery?

A

Mammary artery

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23
Q

What artery is often used in coronary bypass surgery?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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24
Q

Where does the internal thoracic vein drain into?

A

Subclavian vein

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25
Q

What are the two branches of the internal thoracic artery?

A

Musculophrenic artery

Superior epigastric artery

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26
Q

Which direction are the external intercostal muscle fibres?

A

Inferiorly and medially

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27
Q

What direction are the internal intercostal muscle fibres?

A

Inferiorly and laterally

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28
Q

How do the external intercostal muscles attach to the sternum?

A

Membrane

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29
Q

How do the internal intercostal muscles attach to the sternum?

A

Muscles attach directly

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30
Q

What direction are the innermost intercostal muscles fibres running?

A

Interiorly and laterally

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31
Q

Which of the intercostal muscles contract for inspiration?

A

External intercostals

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32
Q

Which of the intercostal muscles contract for expiration?

A

Internal and innermost intercostals

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33
Q

What muscles are active in passive breathing?

A

External intercostals
Internal intercostals
Diaphragm

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34
Q

What muscles are active in exerted breathing?

A

Any muscles that are attached to the ribs and or sternum

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35
Q

How many openings are there in the diaphragm?

A

3

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36
Q

What is the highest/first opening in the diaphragm called? What structures pass through?

A

T8 caval

IVC, R phrenic nerve

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37
Q

What is the middle opening in the diaphragm called? What structures pass through?

A

T10 esophageal

Esophagus, vagus nerve

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38
Q

What is the lowest opening in the diaphragm called? What structures pass through?

A

T12 aortic

Aorta, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, thoracic duct

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39
Q

What do the internal thoracic, musculophrenic, pericardiophrenic, aorta and inferior phrenic arteries all supply?

A

Diaphragm

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40
Q

What nerve provides the motor innervation for the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic

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41
Q

What nerves provide the sensory innervation for the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic and lower intercostals

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42
Q

Other than the phrenic nerve, what other area of the body is innervated by ventral rami from C4 and 5 nerve roots?

A

Shoulder region

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43
Q

Why could there be referred pain from the heart or diaphragm to the shoulder region?

A

Because the ventral roots C4 and 5 supply the phrenic nerve and sensory to the shoulder region

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44
Q

What ribs does the breast cover?

A

Ribs 2-6

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45
Q

Where do the breasts develop?

A

Along a milk/mammary line

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46
Q

What is the purpose of the retromammary space?

A

Allows the breast to move freely

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47
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments in the breast tissue called?

A

Ligaments of Cooper

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48
Q

What is the purpose of suspensory ligaments in the breast?

A

Divdie lobes

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49
Q

Where are lactiferous glands found in the breast tissue?

A

Lobules

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50
Q

Where do the lobules drain into in breast tissue?

A

Lactiferous duct

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51
Q

Where does the lactiferous duct drain into in breast tissue?

A

Lactiferous sinus

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52
Q

What are the four arteries that supply the breast tissue?

A

Internal thoracic/mammary artery
Intercostal arteries
Thoracoacromial trunk
Lateral thoracic artery

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53
Q

Rather than veins, how is the breast tissue drained?

A

Lymphatic system

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54
Q

Where are the lymph nodes located that drain the breast tissue?

A

Axilla

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55
Q

The visceral pleura on the lungs extends down to which intercostal space anteriorly?

A

6th

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56
Q

The visceral pleura on the lungs extends down to which intercostal space laterally?

A

8th

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57
Q

The visceral pleura on the lungs extends down to which intercostal space posteriorly?

A

10th

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58
Q

The parietal pleura on the lungs extends down to which intercostal space anteriorly?

A

8th

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59
Q

The parietal pleura on the lungs extends down to which intercostal space laterally?

A

10th

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60
Q

The parietal pleura on the lungs extends down to which intercostal space posteriorly?

A

12th

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61
Q

What structure does the trachea push into during development to form the pleura?

A

Coelomic cavity

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62
Q

At what point is the visceral pleura continuous with the parietal pleura surrounding the lungs?

A

Pulmonary ligament

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63
Q

What are the four types of parietal pleura that surrounds the lung?

A

Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Cervical

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64
Q

What is the recess between the ribs and the diaphragm of the lung pleura called?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

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65
Q

Between which ribs would you need to puncture to enter the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

Between the 8th and 10th intercostal spaces laterally

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66
Q

Where would you find the costomediastinal recess relative to the heart?

A

Anterior to the heart

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67
Q

Which side has a larger costomediastinal recess?

A

Left side

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68
Q

Which rib does the upper lobe of the lung extend down to (level of horizontal fissure)?

A

Rib 6

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69
Q

What is a open pneumothorax?

A

Hole in the pleura remains open on inspiration and expiration

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70
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

Hole in the pleura closes on expiration

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71
Q

Which of the pneumothorax can you expect to see a shift of the mediastinum during inspiration?

A

Both open and tension

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72
Q

Which o the pneumothorax can you expect to see a shift of the mediastinum during expiration?

A

Tension

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73
Q

Which of the pneumothorax is the most dangerous?

A

Tension

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74
Q

What separates the upper and middle lobes of the lung?

A

Horizontal fissure

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75
Q

What serapes the middle and lower lobes of the lung?

A

Oblique fissure

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76
Q

How many lobes of the lung does the left side have?

A

2

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77
Q

How many lobes of the lung does the right side have?

A

3

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78
Q

What are the five structures passing through the hilum of the left lung?

A 
Pulmonary artery
Bronchus
Pulmonary vein
Bronchial artery
Lymph nodes
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79
Q

What are the five structures passing through the hilum of the right lung?

A 
Pulmonary artery
Bronchus
Pulmonary vein
Bronchial artery
Lymph nodes
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80
Q

Which lung is the pulmonary ligament on?

A

Both!

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81
Q

Which lung hilum has more openings?

A

Right

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82
Q

Why does the hilum have more openings than the left?

A

The right primary bronchi branches earlier than the left

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83
Q

Which opening in the hilum of the lung is most superior?

A

Pulmonary artery

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84
Q

Which opening in the hilum of the lung is most posterior?

A

Bronchi

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85
Q

Which opening in the hilum of the lung is most inferior?

A

Pulmonary vein

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86
Q

Which muscle wraps around the trachea in incomplete rings ?

A

Trachealis

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87
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

Prevents trachea compression with swallowing food

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88
Q

Which of the primary bronchi is a swallowed object most likely to get stuck in?

A

Right

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89
Q

What are most swallowed objects in the right lung?

A

Right primary bronchi is wider and more vertical with the trachea

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90
Q

What is the ridge called that separates the right and left primary bronchi?

A

Carina

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91
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the right side?

A

3

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92
Q

How many secondary bronchi are on the left side?

A

2

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93
Q

How many tertiary bronchi are in the lungs?

A

8-10

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94
Q

What are lobar bronchi?

A

Secondary bronchi

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95
Q

What are segmental bronchi?

A

Tertiary bronchi

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96
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

Group of tertiary bronchi

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97
Q

What is in the anterior mediastinum?

A

Fat
Lymph nodes
Thymus

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98
Q

When does the body have a thymus gland?

A

Only in development

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99
Q

What is the thymus gland replaced by?

A

Fat

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100
Q

What produces T cells in adults after the thymus gland degenerates?

A

Bone marrow

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101
Q

What is in the middle mediastinum?

A

Heart
Pericardium
Phrenic nerves

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102
Q

What is in the superior mediastinum?

A 
SVC
Brachiocephalic artery
Brachiocephalic vein
Aorta (and branches)
Pulmonary trunk
Vagus nerve
Recurrent laryngeal
Phrenic nerve
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103
Q

What is in the posterior mediastinum?

A 
Thoracic duct
Esophagus
Descending aorta
Azygos vein and hemiazygos veins
Sympathetic trunk
Vagus nerve
Phrenic nerve
104
Q

Where is the SVC relative to the aorta?

A

Right

105
Q

Where is the aorta relative to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Right

106
Q

Which brachiocephalic vein is longer?

A

Left

107
Q

Where are the pulmonary veins relative to the bronchi?

A

Inferior to the bronchi

108
Q

What are the two types of pericardium around the heart?

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericaridum

109
Q

What is the outermost layer of pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium

110
Q

What difference can you SEE between the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium is white and the serous pericardium is shiny/wet

111
Q

Where does the fibrous pericardium attach?

A

Top of diaphragm

112
Q

What are the two types of serous pericardium?

A

Parieal and visceral

113
Q

What is the purpose of the serous pericardium?

A

Creates a space that allows the heart to move

114
Q

What is the purpose of the visceral pericardium?

A

Creates fluid that decreases friction of heart movements

115
Q

The is the visceral serous pericardium also known as?

A

Epicardium

116
Q

What are the three layers of the heart (from outermost to innermost)?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

117
Q

Between which layers is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the parietal and visceral - serous - pericardium.

118
Q

Which side of the heart is involved in pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side

119
Q

Which side of the heart is involved in systemic circulation?

A

Left side

120
Q

Which side of the heart is under higher pressure?

A

Left

121
Q

Is there fat on a normal adult heart?

A

Yes

122
Q

What is the path of blood through the heart - starting with the SVC/IVC?

A 
SVC/IVC
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Aorta
123
Q

What is the position of the pulmonary arteries relative to the pulmonary veins in the middle mediastinum?

A

Pulmonary arteries are superior

124
Q

What makes up the base and apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

125
Q

What part of the heart does it lay on?

A

Left atrium on posterior side

126
Q

Which view is the left ventricle the largest from?

A

Posterior

127
Q

50 year women admitted with shortness of breath after shovelling heavy snow. She was coughing and had noticeable leg swelling. She was a heavy smoker but no history of prior heart disease or high BP. pO2 levels are low. What could be the cause?

A

Blood clot on pulmonary (right) side of circulation - causing shortness of breath.
Blood is backed up - causing swelling in legs.

128
Q

Where is the right auricle of the heart found?

A

Extension of the right atria over to the base of the aorta

129
Q

What is the purpose of auricles in the heart?

A

Storage space

130
Q

From an antihero view, what is the largest portion of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

131
Q

What separates the right and left ventricle - anteriorly?

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus

132
Q

What separates the left ventricle and left atrium?

A

Antrioventricular groove

133
Q

What separates the right and left ventricles - posteriorly?

A

Posterior interventricular sulcus

134
Q

Where are pectinate muscles found?

A

Right atrium

135
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A

Ridges in the walls of the right atrium

136
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis?

A

Right artium

137
Q

What is the part of the right ventricle where the penctinate muscles form a ridge?

A

Crista terminalis

138
Q

What is the function of the fossa ovalis?

A

Was a opening during development between the right and left atrium so blood could bypass the unformed lungs

139
Q

What symptoms could you get if the fossa ovalis did not close at birth?

A

Low blood oxygen levels - most noticeable during exercise

140
Q

What separates the right and left atrium?

A

Interatrial septum

141
Q

Where is the opening of the coronary sinus found?

A

Right atrium

142
Q

Where is the coronary sinus relative to the fossa ovalis in the right atrium?

A

Opening of coronary sinus is more medial

143
Q

What separates the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary/semilunar valve

144
Q

What are the three cusps of the semilunar valve?

A

Anterior
Right
Left

145
Q

Do the semilunar valves have associated cordae tendinae?

A

No

146
Q

What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Septal
Posterior
Anterior

147
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve found?

A

Right ventricle

148
Q

What separates the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid AV valve

149
Q

Are papillary muscles exclusive to their attached cusps?

A

No

150
Q

How many papillary muscles are there in the right ventricle?

A

3

151
Q

Where is the moderator band found?

A

Right ventricle

152
Q

What is the moderator band made up?

A

Bridge of cardiac muscle

153
Q

What are trabecular carnae?

A

Muscular ridges/columns on the walls of the ventricles

154
Q

Where are trabecular carnae found?

A

Right and left ventricles

155
Q

What is the function of the trabecular carnae?

A

Improve heart contraction efficiency

Their contraction pulls on the cordae tendinae preventing back flow

156
Q

What is the only smooth walled chamber in the heart?

A

Left atrium

157
Q

What are the three cusps of the aortic valve?

A

Posterior
Right
Left

158
Q

How many cusps are associated with the AV valve between the left atrium and ventricle?

A

2

159
Q

What separates the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid valve

160
Q

What is another name for the mitral valve?

A

Bicuspid valve

161
Q

How many papillary muscles are associated with the bicuspid valve?

A

2

162
Q

What is pathologic ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Increased resistance to blood flow causing the left ventricle to hypertrophy causing inefficiency.

163
Q

What is “athlete’s heart”?

A

Chambers and muscle mass enlarge causing increased SV and decreased HR.

164
Q

Does “athlete’s heart” make the heart more efficient or inefficient?

A

More efficient

165
Q

When is the AV valves open?

A

During atrial contraction

166
Q

When is the AV valves closed?

A

During ventricular contraction

167
Q

What causes the AV valves to close?

A

Pressure of blood pushing against the valve.

168
Q

What structures help keep the AV valves shut during ventricular contraction?

A

Papillary muscles and trabecular carnae

169
Q

What is the purpose of the moderator band?

A

Acts as a shortcut to the anterior papillary muscle in the right ventricle so the papillary muscles can contract at the same time as the ventricle.

170
Q

When is the semilunar valves open?

A

During ventricular contraction

171
Q

When is the semilunar valves closed?

A

During atrial contraction

172
Q

There can you listen to the semilunar valves?

A

2nd intercostal space

173
Q

Where can you listen to the AV valves?

A

5th intercostal space

174
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

Irregular heart sounds from the valves not closing properly allowing for retrograde blood flow through the heart

175
Q

What makes the first heart sound?

A

AV valves closing

176
Q

What makes the second heart sound?

A

SL valves closing

177
Q

What does the left aortic sinus give rise to?

A

Left coronary artery

178
Q

What is the first branch of the left coronary artery?

A

Anterior interventricular/left anterior descending artery

179
Q

What is the terminal branch of the left coronary artery?

A

Circumflex artery

180
Q

What does the left aortic sinus give rise to?

A

Right coronary artery

181
Q

What is the first branch of the right coronary artery?

A

Marginal artery

182
Q

What is the second branch of the right coronary artery?

A

Posterior inter-ventricular artery

183
Q

What is the first branch of the coronary sinus?

A

Small cardiac vein

184
Q

What is the second branch of the coronary sinus?

A

Middle cardiac vein

185
Q

What is the terminal branch of the coronary sinus?

A

Great cardiac vein

186
Q

Which veins drain into the right atrium anteriorly?

A

Anterior cardiac veins

187
Q

What drains in to the right atrium posteriorly?

A

Coronary sinus

188
Q

What runs with the coronary sinus?

A

Right circumflex artery

Right coronary artery

189
Q

What runs with the small cardiac vein?

A

Marginal artery

190
Q

What runs with the middle cardiac vein?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

191
Q

What runs with the great cardiac vein?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

192
Q

What vessels run in the anterior inter ventricular sulcus?

A

Anterior interventricular artery/left anterior descending artery
Great cardiac vein

193
Q

What vessels run in the posterior interventricular sulcus?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

Middle cardiac vein

194
Q

What runs along the margin of the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Right coronary artery

195
Q

A blockage in the left coronary artery would effect which area of the heart?

A

Left ventricle
Left atrium
Interventricular septum

196
Q

A blockage in the circumflex artery would effect which area of the heart?

A

Posterior left ventricle

197
Q

A blockage in the anterior inter ventricular artery would effect which area of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

Interventricular septum

198
Q

A blockage in the right coronary artery would effect which area of the heart?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

199
Q

A blockage in the marginal artery would effect which area of the heart?

A

Anterior right ventricle

200
Q

A blockage in the posterior inter ventricular artery would effect which area of the heart?

A

Posterior right ventricle

201
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Aorta at the level of the aortic valve

202
Q

How is blood directed into the coronary arteries?

A

When the aortic valve closes and blood pools, the blood is able to drain into the coronary arteries.

203
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

Heartbeat originates within the heart

204
Q

What does auto rhythmic mean?

A

The heart depolarizes spontaneously and regularly - without any external nerve innervation

205
Q

What is the sinus rhythm?

A

Set by SA node and conducted by AV node and Perkinje fibres

206
Q

What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart?

A

Decrease heart rate

207
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart?

A

Increase heart rate

208
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

In right atrium near the SVC

209
Q

What structure is the AV node close to?

A

Opening to coronary sinus

210
Q

Where is the atrioventricular bundle located?

A

In septum

211
Q

What is another name for the atrioventricular bundle?

A

Bundle of HIS

212
Q

What is mainly responsible for ventricular contraction?

A

Purkinje fibres

213
Q

Where do the Purkinje fibres start?

A

Apex of heart

214
Q

What is -normally- the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

215
Q

The first heart sound marks the beginning of what phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Systole

216
Q

The second heart sound makes the beginning of what phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

217
Q

During fetal development, if the blood does not pass through the fossa ovale, how is it able to still bypass the lungs?

A

Ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta so no blood travels into the pulmonary arteries

218
Q

What is the remnants of the ductus arteriosus in adults?

A

Ligamentum arteriosus

219
Q

What is the remnants of the ductus venosus in adults?

A

Ligamentum venosum

220
Q

What is the remnants of the umbilical vein in adults?

A

Ligamentum teres

221
Q

What is the remnants of the umbilical cord in adults?

A

Median umbilical ligament

Umbilicus

222
Q

What is the remnants of the umbilical arteries?

A

Obliterated umbilical arteries

Medial umbilical ligament

223
Q

What type of blood flows through the ductus venosus?

A

Oxygenated

224
Q

What type of blood flows through the umbilical vein?

A

Oxygenated

225
Q

What type of blood flows through the umbilical arteries?

A

Deoxygenated

226
Q

How is lymph directed around body?

A

Muscle pumps (no valves)

227
Q

What filters lymph?

A

Spleen

Lymph nodes

228
Q

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

A

Removes tissue fluid

Returns blood proteins

229
Q

What is the lymphatic system for?

A

Immune defense

Transports triglycerides from intestines

230
Q

How does the lymphatic system help with immune defence?

A

Produces lymphocytes that attack foreign bodies

231
Q

What are the three lymphatic tissues?

A

Thymus gland
Spleen
Nodes

232
Q

How does the spleen help with immune defence?

A

Removes RBC from blood

233
Q

Lymphatic vessels are found in all tissues and organs except for…?

A 
Eye
CNS
Cartilage
Bone
Inner ear
234
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right subclavian vein at the junction of the brachiocephalic vein

235
Q

What drains into the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right upper limb
Right thorax
Right head
Right neck

236
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Left subclavian vein at junction of brachiocephalic vein

237
Q

What drains into the thoracic duct?

A 
Lower limb
Abdomen
Left upper limb
Left thorax
Left head
Left neck
238
Q

What collects lymphatic fluid in the abdomen that leads into the thoracic duct?

A

Cisterna chyli

239
Q

What are symptoms of decreased lymphatic system functioning?

A 
Fluid build up causing elephant leg or heart failure
Autoimmune disease (ie. HIV/AIDS, Hasimoto's disease)
240
Q

What structures does the thoracic duct sit between in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Descending aorta on medial side and azygos vein on lateral side

241
Q

Where is the thoracic duct relative to the esophagus?

A

Posterior

242
Q

Where is the esophagus relative to the aorta?

A

To the right (medial)

243
Q

A blockage in the descending aorta at the level of the aortic hiatus could have secondary symptoms such as..?

A

Blockage of lymphatic duct

244
Q

Are the three branches of the descending aorta in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Posterior intercostals
Bronchial artery
Esophageal artery

245
Q

What supplies the lung tissue with blood?

A

Bronchial arteries

246
Q

What drains into the azygos vein?

A

Right posterior intercostal veins
Accessory hemiazygos vein
Hemiazygos vein
Right lumbar veins

247
Q

At what level does the accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos vein drain into the azygos vein?

A

T8

248
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain into?

A

SVC

249
Q

What drains into the accessory hemiazygos vein?

A

Left posterior intercostal veins

250
Q

What drains into the hemiazygos vein?

A

Left posterior intercostal veins

Lumbar veins

251
Q

Where is the sympathetic trunk located in the posterior mediastinum?

A

Posterior to the descending aorta

On other side of vertebral bodies

252
Q

What does the rami communicante connect?

A

Sympathetic chain to intercostal nerves

253
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain ascend to?

A

Into the neck

254
Q

Where do white mater rami communicante travel?

A

From spinal cord to the sympathetic trunk

255
Q

Where do grey mater rami communicante travel?

A

From sympathetic trunk to intercostal nerves

256
Q

40 year old male was diagnosed with a cancerous tumour that was invading the superior/medial aspect of the upper right lobe of his right lung. He was experiencing difficulty swallowing, coughing, shortness of breath and mild fill pain in the right side of his chest and shoulder. He returned to the clinic with tingling of the right medial side of his forearm. Lack of perspiration of right side of face. Right pupil was permanently constricted and right eyelid dropping slightly. Lymph nodes were enlarged. What nerves could be effected? What could be compressed?

A

Coughing from lack of lung functioning and irritation of vagus nerve
Swallowing because of constriction of esophagus
Dilated pupils/lack of sweat because of sympathetic trunk compression

Western (14 decks)

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