ENT Pathology III Flashcards

1
Q

injury to vocal cord

A

rxn is vocal cord nodule and polyp

heavy smokers
recurrent voice strain

“singers nodules”

virtually never give rise to cancers

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2
Q

nodules

A

bilateral and small

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3
Q

polyp

A

unilateral and larger

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4
Q

papillomatosis

A

multiple
-children

juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis

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5
Q

papilloma

A

single
-adults

can be recurrent

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6
Q

benign neoplasm on vocal cord

A

papilloma

single in adults
multiple in children

HPV causes

can develop dysplasia and malignancy

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7
Q

prolonged hoarseness, dysphagia, palpable cervical lymph nodes, male, smoker, drinker,, 65-74yo

A

squamous cell carcinoma of larynx

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8
Q

premalignant changes in invasive carcinoma

A

hyperplasia > hyperkeratosis > dysplasia > carcinoma in situ > cancer

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9
Q

glottic carcinoma

A

involve true vocal cords

majority**

5 5yr survival 65%

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10
Q

supraglottic carcinoma

A

laryngeal epiglottis, false vocal cords, laryngeal ventricles

often discovered late - later stage

5 yr survival 45%

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11
Q

subclottic carcinoma

A

more than 10mm below free margin of true vocal cords up to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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12
Q

transglottic carcinoma

A

involve true and false vocal cords

worst prognosis

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13
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of larynx

A

intrinsic - confined to larynx

extrinsic - beyond the larynx

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14
Q

stage 4

A

distal metastasis

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15
Q

stage 1

A

localized tumor

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16
Q

marked tenderness after traction of ear

A

otitis externa

7-12yo

swimmers ear

17
Q

common cause of otitis externa

A

bacterial

-pseudomonas

18
Q

middle ear

A

non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

19
Q

cholesteatoma

A

squamous epithlieum trapped within temporal bone
-middle ear or mastoid

can rupture and erode to bone

hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis, labrynthitis, meningitis, epidural or brain abscess

Tx - surgical resection

20
Q

tympanic membrane opacity, bulging, erythema

A

acute otitis media

21
Q

causes of acute otitis media

A

bacteria - most common

s. pneumoniae, haem influenza, moraxella catarrhalis

22
Q

chronic otitis media

A

eustachian tubes blocked repeatedly

pseudomonas aeruginosa

conductive hearing loss

23
Q

otosclerosis

A

fibrosis and thickening of tissue around eardrum

dystrophic calcification

hear less and less and less

family hx of hearing loss

24
Q

branchial cleft defect

A

masses on lateral neck

25
Q

thyroglossal duct cyst

A

midline
-<40yo

behind sternum up to tongue

ectopic thyroid tissue

26
Q

carotid body tumor

A

PS tumor
-increase RR and hypoxia

bruit on auscultation

recurs with incomplete resection

familial cases - MEN type 2

many metastasis

slow growing, painless, pulsatile