ENT: HAPE Review

Question 1

1) What does AOM mean? What about COM?
2) What does OME mean?
3) What does ETD mean?

Answer 1

1) Acute otitis media; chronic otitis media
2) Otitis media with effusion (aka, serous otitis media)
3) Eustachian tube dysfunction

Question 2

1) List 4 common external ear disorders
2) List 5 common middle ear disorders

Answer 2

1) Cerumen impaction, otitis externa, malignant otitis externa, foreign bodies
2) AOM, COM, OME, cholesteatoma, ETD

Question 3

1) What type of disorder is acoustic neuroma?
2) What are the two main causes of ear trauma?
3) What are two common causes of vertigo?

Answer 3

1) Inner ear disorder
2) External [trauma] and barotrauma
3) BPPV and labyrinthitis

Question 4

1) What does AS mean?
2) What does AD mean?

Answer 4

1) Auris sinistra = left ear
2) Auris dextra = right ear

Question 5

1) What generally causes a bulging TM?
2) What typically causes a retracted TM?

Answer 5

1) Fluid buildup (infection, effusion, etc)
2) Eustachian tube dysfunction

Question 6

List 4 characteristics of a normal tympanic membrane

Answer 6

1) Intact
2) Slightly convex
3) Translucent
4) Mobile

Question 7

1) What does the pinna do?
2) When is transmission of sound through the TM optimal?
3) What is energy converted to and transmitted through?
4) The ossicular chain amplifies signal by _____ decibels

Answer 7

1) Pinna collects and directs sound waves into ear canal or external auditory meatus
2) When the air pressure is equalized between the outer and middle ear
3) Converted to mechanical energy and transmitted through TM and ossicles to oval window
4) 25

Question 8

1) What two tiny muscles contract to protect the inner ear by reducing the intensity of sound transmission?
2) What creates motion in the cochlear fluid? What does this do?

Answer 8

1) Two tiny muscles, the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles contract to protect the inner ear by reducing the intensity of sound transmission
2) Movement of the oval window creates motion in the cochlear fluid and along the Basilar membrane which excites frequency specific areas of the Organ of Corti which in turn stimulates a series of nerve endings

Question 9

Nerve impulses are relayed through the _____ CN, through various nuclei along the auditory pathway to areas in the brain

Answer 9

8th

Question 10

What 4 things should you note about the tympanic membrane?

Answer 10

1) Position
2) Mobility
3) Color
4) Translucency

Question 11

Describe the potential results of a Weber test

Answer 11

1) Normal: equal on both sides
2) Conductive hearing loss (CHL): Sound louder in affected (poorer-hearing) ear
3) Sensorineural hearing loss (SHL): Sound decreased in affected ear; louder on opposite (normal) ear

Question 12

Describe the 3 potential results of a Rinne test

Answer 12

1) Normal = AC > BC
2) Conductive hearing loss (CHL) = BC > AC in affected ear
3) Sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) = equally diminished AC and BC in affected ear