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World History > Enlightenment (Ch. 10 Sec. 2) > Flashcards

Enlightenment (Ch. 10 Sec. 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

eighteenth-century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the Scientific Revolution

A

enlightenment

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2
Q

application of scientific method to an understanding of life

A

reason

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3
Q

Newtonian world-machine

If he could discover the natural laws of the physical world, then he could discover the natural laws of human society.

A

Newton

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4
Q

Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Tabula rasa (blank mind)
People are molded by their experiences that came through their senses and the outside world.
If people were exposed to the right influences, then people could be changed a new society created.
Using this theory, people believed that they could discover the natural laws that all institutions should follow to produce the ideal society.

A

John Locke

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5
Q

the intellectuals of the Enlightenment

A

philosophes

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6
Q

French word meaning “philosopher”

A

philosophe

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7
Q

Could refer to writers, professors, journalists, economists, and above all, social reformers. They came chiefly from the nobility and the middle class.
Most of the leaders were French.
English provided the philosophical inspiration for the Enlightenment.
Influenced everyone

A

philosophes

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8
Q

What was the role of philosophy?

A

to change the world

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9
Q 
Charles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu
French noble
The Spirit of the Laws
published in 1748
Tried to use the scientific method to find the natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings.
Three basic types of government
Republics - small states
Despotism - large states
Monarchies - moderate-size states
Three branches of government
executive
judicial
legislative
Separation of powers
Three sections of power limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances. It prevented one person from gaining too much power, therefore it provides the greatest freedom and security for the state.
Lasting contribution to political thought
A

Montesquieu

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10
Q

François-Marie Arouet
Parisian
Known as the greatest figure of the Enlightenment
Came from prosperous middle class family
Wrote pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, essays, and histories
Brought him fame and wealth
Fought against religious intolerance and believed in religious tolerance
Treatise on Toleration
“all men are brothers under God”
1763
Supporter of deism
Deism - an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. It was built on the idea of the Newtonian world-machine.
Universe like a clock
Clockmaker=God
Universe was left to run with natural laws

A

Voltaire

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11
Q

an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. It was built on the idea of the Newtonian world-machine.

A

deism

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12
Q

To deists, the universe is like a ________.

A

clock

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13
Q

Went to University of Paris to please his father
Became a freelance writer so that he could study and read in many subjects and languages
Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades
28 volumes
Published between 1751 and 1772
Wanted to change the general way of thinking
Became weapon for philosophes’ crusade against the old French society
Attacked religious superstition and supported religious toleration

A

Denis Diderot

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14
Q

Social science

The Physiocrats and Scottish philosopher Adam Smith have been viewed as the founders.

A

economics

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15
Q

a French group interesting in identifying the natural economic laws that governed human society. They maintained that if individuals were free to pursue their own economic self-interest, all society would benefit.

A

Physiocrats

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16
Q

State should leave economy alone

A

laissez-faire

17
Q

The Wealth of Nations
1776
Believed in laissez-faire
3 roles of government
Protecting society from invasion (the army)
Defending citizens from injustice (the police)
Keeping up certain public works

A

Adam Smith

18
Q

What was the reason for punishment?

A

to deter crime in an age when a state’s police force was too weak to ensure the capture of criminals

19
Q

When was the later enlightenment?

A

1760s

20
Q

Introduced into circle of philosophes
Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
people adopted laws and government to preserve their property
enslaved by government
The Social Contract
1762
social contract - entire society agrees to be governed by general will. Individuals who wish instead to follow their own self-interest must be forced to abide by the general will.
Emile
a novel
education should foster and not restrict children’s natural instincts
Sought a balance between heart and mind, between emotions and reason
Believed women should be educated for their roles as wives and mothers by learning obedience and nurturing skills.

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

21
Q

By the __th century women began to express their ideas about improving the condition of women

A

18

22
Q

English writer
founder of the modern European and American movements for women’s rights
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Two problems with views of many Enlightenment thinkers
People who argued that women must obey men also said that government based on the arbitrary of monarchs over their subjects was wrong
Because women have the ability to reason then they are entitled to the same rights as men.

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

23
Q

How were different social classes affected by the enlightenment?

A

Greatest appeal to aristocrats and upper classes

Peasants - unaware and unaffected by the Enlightenment

24
Q

Why was there a growth of reading?

A

Growth of both publishing and reading
Books were directed to the public
Magazines and newspapers were developed

25
Q

elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper classes great urban houses

A

salons

26
Q

__________ often attacked the Christian churches, the majority of Europeans were still Christian.

A

philosophes

27
Q

Protestant churches lacked in what?

A

religious enthusiasm

28
Q

Anglican minister
had been assured of salvation
became a missionary to the English people
appealed mostly to lower classes
Caused conversions
gave people a sense of purpose and community
Stressed importance of hard work and encouragd behaviors that led to spiritual contentment, which took the place of political equality.

A

John Wesley

29
Q

After John Wesley’s death Methodism became what?

A

A separate Protestant group

World History (16 decks)

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