Chapter 7 Flashcards
the political leader of Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty. He converted France to Catholicism despite being a Protestant previously. He was crowned king in 1594. He issued the Edict of Nantes which made Catholicism the national religion of France but it also gave Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy political privileges (holding public offices, etc.)
Henry of Navarre
the Dutch prince of Orange who resisted the rule of the Spanish. The struggle went on until 1609. It ended with a 12-year truce. The northern provinces called themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands and became the core of the modern Dutch state. It became known as the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.
William the Silent
the successor of Elizabeth I (ended the Tudor dynasty). Began the Stuart line of rulers. He was the cousin of Elizabeth I. He was the king of Scotland and then the king of England. He was a believer in the divine right of kings.
James I
supporters of the king of England during the civil war of 1642 (also known as Royalists)
Cavaliers
the brother of Charles II. He succeeded Charles II. He was a Catholic and made religion a cause of conflict between the king and Parliament again. Parliament objected to James II policies, but they thought he would be succeeded by one of his two Protestant daughters but he had a son that was Catholic.
James II
a Russian noble
boyar
laid the foundation for the Prussian state. He built a large, efficient standing army (40,000 men and the fourth largest in Europe) since Prussia was a small, open territory with no natural frontiers for defense. He set up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth. It soon became an agency for the civil government as well. It became the elector’s chief instrument in governing the state. Its officials were member of the Prussian landed aristocracy known as the Junkers. They served as officers in the army.
Frederick William the Great Elector
rights with which someone is born with. These include the rights to life, liberty, and property.
natural rights
a dramatist of the Elizabethan Era. He is best known for writing plays, but he also was an actor and a shareholder in the chief theater company of the time, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men. He was a master of the English language and human psychology.
William Shakespeare
a Spanish writer. His novel Don Quixote has been hailed as one of the greatest literary works of all time.
Miguel de Cervantes
Louis XIV established his royal court here. The court functioned as his personal household, a place for the chief offices of the state, and the place were powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves.
Versailles
written by Miguel de Cervantes. The 2 main characters in this novel were a knight from La Mancha named Don Quixote and the knight’s fat and earthy squire. Don Quixote is someone who does not accept harsh realities, but his squire is a realist. Each of the characters comes to see the value of each other’s perspective.
Don Quixote
officially ended the Thirty Years’ War in Germany in 1648. All European countries except England were involved. France became the dominant nation in Europe. It stated that all German states, including Calvinist ones, could determine their own religion. This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire. Germany would not be united for 200 years.
Peace of Westphalia
set forth Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes. It also gave Parliament the power to raise a standing army, making it impossible for the king to do so or for him to oppose. The right of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial were confirmed. It helped to create a system based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament. It laid the foundation for a limited monarchy.
Bill of Rights
the Spanish navy
Spanish Armada
made Catholicism the national religion of France but it also gave Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy political privileges (holding public offices, etc.) Issued by Henry of Navarre.
Edict of Nantes
became Queen of England in 1558. Under her reign, England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire. A new Act of Supremacy made her the governor of church and state. The Church of England was Protestant but was tolerant to Catholicism. She tried to keep Spain and France from becoming too powerful by supporting whichever was weaker.
Elizabeth Tudor
the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.
divine right of kings
Protestants in England inspired by the Calvinist ideas. They wished to make the church of England more Protestant. They formed a significant part of the House of Commons.
Puritans
supporters of Parliament during the civil war in 1642
Roundheads
a system in which a ruler holds total power
absolutism
declared himself the absolute ruler of France. He called himself the Sun King. He controlled the central policy-making machinery of government. He established the royal court at Versailles. He controlled foreign policy, the Church, and taxes. He wanted to get rid of Huguenots in France. He waged four wars and left France with great debts and surrounded by enemies.
Louis XIV
first ruler to take the title of czar (Russian word for caesar). He expanded Russia’s territory and limited the nobles power. He committed ruthless deeds to earn the title “Ivan the Terrible.” A period of anarchy followed his dynasty called the Time of Troubles.
Ivan the Terrible
an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.
mannerism
