Chapter 12 Flashcards
the meeting of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement after the Napoleonic Wars. It lasted several months. The conservatives were in charge.
Congress of Vienna
money available for investment
capital
a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profit (invested capital, energy, etc. to make money)
entrepreneur
a cloth production method where spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton. Then, weavers wove the thread into cloth on looms. These task were done by individuals in their rural homes. (Is destroyed by capitalism)
cottage industry
system in which price and production levels are set by the market not external control. It was based on industrial production and created the industrial middle class.
capitalism
a system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities
socialism
a Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine in the 1760s. He enabled the engine to drive machinery in 1782. (Important invention-made factories and it powers other inventions)
James Watt
developed the process called puddling. In this process, coke, which was derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in crude iron, called pig iron, and produce an iron of high quality. (Useful when iron was used to make other things)
Henry Cort
built the first paddle-wheel steamboat called the Clermont in 1807. It allowed for travel on rivers and for overseas transport.
Robert Fulton
the Austrian foreign prime minister who led the Congress of Vienna. He was a Machiavellian ruler and was ruthless.
Klemens von Metternich
the political philosophy based on tradition and social stability. They favored obedience to political authority and believed that organized religion was crucial to order in society. (wanted to avoid change)
conservatism
advocates for change
Liberalism
the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols. (extreme patriotism and encouraged citizens to prove that their nation is the best)
nationalism
He was the bourbon heir and his government refused to make changes and opposition grew leading to a revolt. His monarchy was overthrown in 1848. It was replaced by a provisional government and eventually Louis-Napoleon.
Louis-Philippe
the first president of the Second Republic. He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. The Franco-Prussian war was a catalyst for his removal since France lost.
Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III)
the 38 German states recognized by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. (Austria and Prussia were the strongest) Waves of German immigration to the U.s. helped the U.s.’s industrialization
German Confederation
an all-German parliament that was held to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream - the preparation of a constitution for a new united Germany. Deputies to the parliament were elected by universal male suffrage. It failed to achieve its goal because many
German rulers did not want to accept it.
Frankfurt Assembly
a German revolutionary that fought in the civil war and later became a senator and the secretary of the interior
Carl Schurz
reliance on military strength. (Prussia was a leader in this) It is connected to nationalism, imperialism, and industrialism.
militarism
German for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire
kaiser
a popular vote
plebiscite
freeing someone from serfdom
emancipation
a movement to end slavery that arose in the North and challenged the Southern way of life.
abolitionism
withdraw, the Southern states did this causing the civil war and creating the Confederate States of America.
secede
an Italian patriot who raised an army of a thousand volunteers called the Red Shirts. He turned over his conquests to Piedmont.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
prime minister of Prussia hired by King William I. Practitioner of realpolitik (politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics). Open about dislike of those who opposed him. Collected taxes to help strengthen the army. Went to war with Austria and defeated them.
Otto von Bismarck
reigned from 1837 to 1901 (the longest reign in English history), her sense of duty and moral responsibility reflected the attitude of the age which became known as the Victorian age.
Queen Victoria
a czar who freed the serfs but it did not help them because often the landowners would keep the best land. He attempted other reforms but could not make everyone happy. He was assassinated by a group of radicals.
Tsar Alexander II
established a Canadian nation, the Dominion of Canada, with its own constitution. The first prime minister was John Macdonald. Canada had a parliamentary system and ruled itself although Britain was still in control of its foreign affairs.
British North America Act
an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.
Romanticism
the author of Frankenstein, a Gothic work of literature. It was a symbol of the danger of science’s attempt to conquer nature.
Mary Shelley
wrote Ivanhoe a work of Romantic literature that focused on the past. It tried to evoke clashes between knights in medieval England.
Sir Walter Scott
a British realist novelist. He wrote novels about the lower and middle classes of Britain’s early Industrial Age. He described the urban poor and the brutal life they led in novels such as Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.
Charles Dickens
a composer who was the bridge between the classical and romantic periods in music. He believed that music had to reflect his deepest inner feelings. His early work fell largely within the classical framework of the eighteenth century but the Third Symphony embodied elements of romanticism.
Ludwig van Beethoven
a French scientist who developed the germ theory of disease which became crucial to the development of modern scientific medical practices.
Louis Pasteur
the most famous artist of the realist school. He portrayed scenes from everyday life. His subjects were factory workers, peasants, and the wives of saloon keepers. One of his famous workers, The Stonebreakers, shows two road workers engaged in the work of breaking stones to build a road.
Courbet
mid-nineteenth century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower and middle-class life as it actually was.
realism
the principle set forth by Darwin that some organism are more adaptable to the environment than others; otherwise known as “survival of the fittest”
natural selection
one of the most famous romantic painters from France. His paintings showed two chief characteristics: a fascination with the exotic and a passion for color. His works reflect his belief that “a painting should be a feast to the eye.”
Eugene Delacroix
indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration
secularization
published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. This book focused on the ideas of organic evolution and natural selection. He also published The Descent of Man which said that human beings had animal origins and were not an exception to the rule governing other species. This caused much controversy.
Charles Darwin
American president that made the Emancipation Proclamation that declared most of the nation’s slaves free.
Abraham Lincoln
Italian prime minister hired by King Victor Emmanuel II. He pursued a policy of economic expansion that increased government revenues and enabled the kingdom to equip a large army. He made an alliance with the French Emperor that ended with Italy receiving Lombardy. His success caused some northern Italian states to overthrow their governments and join Piedmont.
Camillo di Cavour
first king of the Kingdom of Italy
King Victor Emmanuel II
