Chapter 12 Study Questions

Question 1

List 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of the industrial revolution.

Answer 1

Advantages: 
Increased availability of goods
More job opportunities
Growth of the middle class
Disadvantages: 
Stimulated the spread of disease
Pollution of water and air
Factory workers worked in bad conditions

Question 2

Where did the industrial revolution start and why? Which nation quickly surpassed that nation as the largest industrial economy and why?

Answer 2

The industrial revolution started in Britain because it had labor/people, raw materials, land with access to water, a market for goods, capital, and freedom. The United States quickly surpassed Britain because it had almost unlimited natural resources and they were separated from the rest of the world so they were less likely to get attacked or get involved in wars they were also receiving immigrants from Germany and Italy.

Question 3

Which areas of economic activity were the first to industrialize?

Answer 3

The cottage industry, the coal and iron industries, railroads, and factories.

Question 4

How did industrialism affect the class structure?

Answer 4

Industrialism affected the class structure because it caused the growth of the industrial middle class.

Question 5

Discuss the terms conservative and liberal. In what way was the Congress of Vienna an attempt by conservatives to preserve the status quo? Were they successful?

Answer 5

Conservative - did not want things to change
Liberal - advocates for change
The Congress of Vienna tried to put the monarchs back in power that ruled before Napoleon and they had trouble with this because people wanted reform (liberalism and nationalism).

Question 6

How did the Napoleonic era increase both nationalism and liberalism? Which of these helped the conservatives to retain much of the power?

Answer 6

The Napoleonic Era increased nationalism and liberalism because the people had been exposed to more reform, freedom, and equality and wanted to continue it. Nationalism increased because Napoleon had increased nationalism in countries that all did not like France. Nationalism helped conservatives because people wanted their country to be the best and if it was through a monarch that’s what they wanted.

Question 7

List and discuss three revolutions of 1848. What were the results of these events?

Answer 7

French Revolution of 1848: They overthrew the king (Louis-Philippe) and replaced him with a new constitution that set up the Second Republic. The first president then chosen was Louis-Napoleon.

Austrian Revolt: Demonstrations led to the dismissal of Metternich, the Austrian foreign prime minister and they demanded a liberal constitution. Austrian officials made changes to appease the revolutionaries but wanted control of the empire. They crushed a revolt in Prague and Vienna. The Austrian revolt failed.

Italian Revolt: Revolts broke out wanting a liberal constitution and a united Italy. By 1849, Austrians had reestablished order in Lombardy and Venetia and the old order prevailed in all of Italy.

Question 8

Describe in detail the unification of Italy. Be sure to include the 3 men involved and the role each played.

Answer 8

3 men involved: King Victor Emmanuel II, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo di Cavour.
King Victor Emmanuel II: The king of Piedmont and later the Kingdom of Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi: Raised the Red Shirt and conquered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and Naples. He gave these lands to Piedmont.
Camillo di Cavour: Italian prime minister hired by King Victor Emmanuel II. He pursued a policy of economic expansion that increased government revenues and enabled the kingdom to equip a large army. He made an alliance with the French Emperor that ended with Italy receiving Lombardy. His success caused some northern Italian states to overthrow their governments and join Piedmont.

The king of Piedmont named Camillo di Cavour the prime minister and he made an alliance with Louis-Napoleon that resulted in the French getting Nice and Savoy and Italy getting Lombardy. This caused some northern Italian states to join Piedmont. Giuseppe Garibaldi raised the Red Shirts and conquered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and Naples and gave them to Piedmont. All of these lands were united under King Victor Emmanuel II as the Kingdom of Italy.

Question 9

What lead to the nationalist and unification movements of this era?

Answer 9

The Enlightenment and the proof that they could work (United States) and the Napoleonic wars.

Question 10

How are nationalism, militarism, industrialism, and imperialism connected?

Answer 10

Often when a nation had a strong sense of nationalism they wanted to prove that they were the best nation resulting in militarism (to have the best army), imperialism (to have the best colonial empire/natural resources), and industrialization (to have best machines, factories, etc.)

Question 11

Describe the unification of Germany. Who was the architect of this event.

Answer 11

King William I tried to enlarge the Prussian army and when the legislature refused he hired Otto Von Bismarck. He used realpolitik, was open about dislike of opposers, and made reforms to improve military. He forced Prussia to go to war with Austria and won. He then organized all the northern German states into the North German Confederation. He went to war with France and won the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. He then created the Second German Empire under King William I of Prussia.

Question 12

List and discuss Bismarck’s rules of war. How did he successfully implement them in the Franco-Prussian War?

Answer 12

Bismarck’s rules of war:
Never attack unless you have overwhelming superiority.
Reach objective and stop.
His goal was to unify Germany not take over any more land so when he could have taken Paris he didn’t and took Alsace and Lorraine only.

Question 13

Describe Bismarck’s grand alliance system. What was its purpose? Did it work?

Answer 13

Bismarck’s Grand Alliance System was created to avoid war and if France attacks them then everyone will attack France. It was successful because he gained the lands he wanted.

Question 14

Why did Britain avoid most of the revolutionary unrest of this era?

Answer 14

By giving the middle class an interest in ruling Britain they avoided revolution. Parliament continued to make social and political reform that helped the country to remain stable. Their continued growth also helped. Also national pride helped to keep Britain from having a revolution.

Question 15

What was the primary challenge of the Austro-Hungarian Empire?

Answer 15

Because the Austro-Hungarian empire was Austria and Hungary were very different except for their shared monarch. They both had their own constitution, legislation, government bureaucracy, and capital.

Question 16

What reforms were attempted by Alexander II in Russia? What were the results of these reforms? What was Alexander III’s reaction to these events?

Answer 16

Alexander II tried to abolish the serfdom and give land to the serfs. This ended with landowners keeping the best lands for themselves. He attempted other reforms but could not make everyone happy. Alexander III returned to the old methods before Alexander II.

Question 17

What were the causes of the American Civil War?

Answer 17

Slavery, the struggle between federalists and republicans, and the South’s decision to secede.

Question 18

What was the importance of the American civil war to world history?

Answer 18

It proved that a nation could be successful under democracy making other countries want to be democratic.

Question 19

What was happening in Canada?

Answer 19

Britain passed the British North America Act that recognized Canada as the Dominion of Canada with their own constitution with its prime minister John Macdonald. Canada now had a parliamentary system and ruled itself but Britain still controlled its foreign affairs.

Question 20

What was the focus of romantic art and literature?

Answer 20

Feelings, emotion, and imagination

Question 21

What school of art was a response to the romantics? What was their focus?

Answer 21

Realism and they focused on portraying life as it actually w

Question 22

What was the impact of Pasteur on history?

Answer 22

Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease and it became crucial to the development of the modern scientific practices.

Question 23

What was the impact of the theories of Darwin? Describe the way in which this impact reached far beyond science in to cultural-revolution?

Answer 23

Many scientists and other intellectuals accepted Darwin’s ideas but many people objected to his ideas. They thought his theory made human beings ordinary products of nature rather than unique beings. Some people did not like the idea of life as a struggle for survival. They also did not like that Darwin denied God’s role in creation.