Chapter 17

Question 1

an organization created by Woodrow Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles. It turned out to be not as effective as he planned. The U.S. never joined the League of Nations. The League members could not agree to use force against aggression, one of Wilson’s 14 Points, intended to be international peace-keeping organization but it had no standing army so there was no enforcement

Answer 1

League of Nations

Question 2

a new plan for reparations made by an international commission. It is named after the American banker who chaired the commission. It first reduced payments and then it coordinated Germany’s annual payments with its ability to pay. It granted a 200 million dollar loan for German recovery. A brief period of prosperity followed by it only lasted from 1924-1929. Said that the U.S. would loan Germany the money to pay reparations.

Answer 2

Dawes Plan

Question 3

This area was Germany’s chief industrial and mining center. France occupied it and planned to collect reparations by operating and using the Ruhr mines and factories. Made Germans mad and made it harder for Germany to pay reparations.

Answer 3

The Ruhr Valley

Question 4

Guaranteed Germany’s new borders with France and Belgium and was viewed as the beginning of a new era of European peace.

Answer 4

Treaty of Locarno

Question 5

63 nations signed this in 1928. It was signed by the U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The countries that signed this pledged to “to renounce war as an instrument of national policy.” Was not successful and by the mid 1930s Hitler was starting to take over Europe (culmination of war to end all wars)

Answer 5

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Question 6

a German democratic state created after their defeat in WWI. The republic had no outstanding political leaders. It faced serious economic problems. They were forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. This and the Jews were Hitler’s scapegoats. He said that Germany tried a democracy and it didn’t work.

Answer 6

Weimar Republic

Question 7

the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours. Sympathy from public made this more successful. It scared business owners (had the capital). Happened in almost all of the industrial world. Many business owners started to give their workers what they would want so they wouldn’t join unions.

Answer 7

Collective bargaining

Question 8

a British economist who published the General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. He said that unemployment results from a decline in demand. Demand could be increased by putting people back to work. The government should finance these projects even if it had to use deficit spending. The government should set regulations such as minimum wage, production limits, and price control.

Answer 8

John Maynard Keynes

Question 9

when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt. Often it would lead to increased taxes on rich people

Answer 9

Deficit spending

Question 10

a policy of active government intervention implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt. It increased programs of public works. Based on Keynesian economics. Encouraged people to buy government bonds instead of stock because the bonds were not taxed while the stock was heavily taxed.

Answer 10

New Deal

Question 11

a Democratic president elected in 1932. He was president during the Great Depression. He implemented the New Deal and the Social Security Act. He was elected for 4 terms and was re-elected so many times because he told people that it would be a dangerous idea to switch presidents during a war (WWII). He believed in Keynesian economics. He is considered a significant president because he was able to make significant changes.

Answer 11

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question 12

a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler. People are controlled by the government and any opposition is suppressed. Based on racism and nationalism (they convinced the population that they were the best race). Mussolini, Japan, and Hitler used this type of government.

Answer 12

Fascism

Question 13

established the first European fascist movement in Italy. He began his political career as a socialist. He created the Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat). He formed banks of black-shirted armed Fascists called squadristi or Blackshirts. The middle-class feared socialism and communism which made the fascist party seem more appealing. Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini prime minister. Inventor of fascism and ally of Hitler’s

Answer 13

Benito Mussolini

Question 14

What is the common element of all authoritarian government’s?

Answer 14

absence of liberty

Question 15

a new state created by Lenin and the Communists called the Union of Soviet of Socialist Republics. Ally of Hitler at the beginning of WWII and later an ally of the U.S.

Answer 15

Soviet Union

Question 16

He used his post as general secretary to gain complete control of the Communist party. He established a powerful dictatorship. He launched the Five Year Plan and began collectivization.

Answer 16

Joseph Stalin

Question 17

He held the post of commissar of war in the Politburo. He was expelled from the party and went to Mexico. He was later killed probably on Stalin’s orders. “muscle” of communist party

Answer 17

Leon Trotsky

Question 18

a committee that had become the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party. They were severely divided over the future of the Soviet Union. Highest level of government before Lenin and Stalin.

Answer 18

Politburo

Question 19

Set economic goals for 5 year periods. The purpose was to transform Russia from an agricultural to an industrial country. First it emphasized maximum production of capital good and armaments. The plan increased the production of oil production, steel production, and heavy machinery. Forced peasants to move to cities. Many people starved and died.

Answer 19

Five Year Plan

Question 20

a system in which private farms were eliminated and the government owned all of the land while the peasants worked it. Resulted in many people dying.

Answer 20

collectivization

Question 21

adopted some of the features of totalitarian states (especially their use of police powers) but their goal was to preserve the existing social order

Answer 21

Authoritarian states

Question 22

led Spanish military forces against the democratic government starting a civil war. The Spanish civil war ended when Franco’s forces captured Madrid. Franco established a dictatorship that favored large landowners, businesspeople, and the Catholic clergy. His dictatorship is an example of an authoritarian regime.

Answer 22

Francisco Franco

Question 23

the leader of the SS (Schutzstaffeln “Guard Squadrons”) which were an important force for maintaining order.

Answer 23

Henrich Himmler

Question 24

an important force for maintaining order. It was based on two principles: terror and ideology. For Himmler, the goal of the SS was to further the Aryan race.

Answer 24

SS

Question 25

Mass demonstration and spectacles used to make the German people an instrument of Hitler’s policies held every September. They usually evoked mass enthusiasm and excitement.

Answer 25

Nuremberg Rallies

Question 26

excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marrriages between Jews and German citizens. Jews were required to wear yellow Stars of David and to carry identification cards saying they were Jewish.

Answer 26

Nuremberg Laws

Question 27

“night of shattered glass.” A destructive rampage against the Jews by Nazis. They burned synagogues and destroyed 7000 Jewish businesses and killed at least 100 Jews. 30,000 Jewish males were sent to concentration camps. It led to further drastic steps such as Jews were banned from all public transportation and all public buildings, they were prohibited from owning, managing, or working in retail stores. 1st phase of violent Holocaust. Made Jewish leaders realize it wasn’t going to get better any time soon. No place for Jews to go since many countries had a low quota on immigration.

Answer 27

Kristallnacht

Question 28

a series of inventions in the late 19th century led to a revolution in mass communications including the radio and film. all governments used it for propaganda

Answer 28

Mass media

Question 29

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. Not always good or bad. Tells people what to believe. Hitler took this to an art form.

Answer 29

propaganda

Question 30

artists who were obsessed with the idea that life has no purpose. They were revolted by what they saw as the insanity of life and tried to express that feeling in their art.
Political view and philosophy.

Answer 30

Dadaists

Question 31

artistic movement that seeks to depict the world of the unconscious. some elements of Dadaism, incorporated Freud’s ideas, most famous clocks melting and in weird places

Answer 31

surrealism

Question 32

a Spaniard who was the high priest of surrealism. He painted everyday objects but separated them from their normal contexts. He created a strange world where the irrational became visible.

Answer 32

Salvador Dali

Question 33

A German writer whose novels dealt with Freud’s psychology and Asian religions. The works focus on the spiritual loneliness of modern human beings in a mechanized urban society. In both Sidhartha and Steppenwolf, he uses Buddhist ideas to show the psychological confusion of modern existence. Rejection of urban society and emphasized youth of Germany.

Answer 33

Herman Hesse

Question 34

an Irish writer who published Ulysses. Ulysses tells the story of one day in the life of ordinary people in Dublin by following their inner thoughts. stream of consciousness writing that was driven by inner thoughts.

Answer 34

James Joyce

Question 35

the generation that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway, who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor and patron. Intellectual things and writers.

Answer 35

Lost Generation

Question 36

writer of Lost Generation, American spokesperson for Lost Generation, emphasized philosophy that life is meaningless

Answer 36

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Question 37

an American author and journalist that popularized the term Lost Generation. He was a journalist during both WWs. He explored and was a naturalist

Answer 37

Ernest Hemingway

Question 38

a type of music of black American origin characterized by improvisation, syncopation, and usually a regular or forceful rhythm, emerging at the beginning of the 20th century. Brass and woodwind instruments and piano are particularly associated with jazz, although guitar and occasionally violin are also used. Started in New Orleans. Mass media creates mass culture. Melting pot effect.

Answer 38

Jazz

Question 39

a young woman, especially one who, during the 1920s, behaved and dressed in a boldly unconventional manner.
They were a symbol of changing morals and were a symbol of the 1920s.

Answer 39

Flappers

Question 40

the idea put forth by Heisenberg in 1927 that the behavior of subatomic particles is uncertain, suggesting that all of the physics laws governing the universe are based in uncertainty Underlying principle affects all of society. Maybe Newton was wrong.

Answer 40

Uncertainty Principle

Question 41

a new picture of the universe was unfolding in physics that undermined the old certainties of Newtonian physics. Newtonian physics was shaken when Werner Heisenberg explained the uncertainty principle. advanced discoveries and the discovery of subatomic particles.

Answer 41

The Heroic Age of Physics

Question 42

wanted to develop a totalitarian state. He wanted to develop an Aryan racial state that would dominate Europe and possibly the rest of the world for generations to come. He wanted to create a Third Reich: the empire of Nazi Germany. He used the SS to maintain order. He used public works projects and grants to private construction firms to put people back to work and end the depression. He created the Nuremberg laws that created racial prejudice toward the Jews. Fascist. German people are very compliant and want someone to tell them what to do.

Answer 42

Adolf Hitler

Question 43

a book by Hitler that he wrote while in jail. It was an account of his movement and its basic ideas. Listed what he was going to do

Answer 43

Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

Question 44

the German parliament which the Nazis had become the largest party in. Did whatever Hitler said

Answer 44

Reichstag

Question 45

this law gave the government the power to ignore the constitution for 4 years while it issued laws to deal with the country’s problems

Answer 45

Enabling Act

Question 46

List and discuss three attempts by the Western World to establish a lasting peace after WWI. What were the results of these attempts?

Answer 46

The League of Nations - was made to keep peace between countries but never had the power to actually do anything
The Dawes Plan and the Treaty of Locarno - eased reparations on the Germans so they wouldn’t be hurt as significantly
kellogg-briand pact

Question 47

Discuss the two basic theories as to the cause of the Great Depression. Which do you think is correct?

Answer 47

The two theories as to the cause of the Great Depression are supply side and demand side.

Question 48

Create a chart showing the chain of events that triggered the Great Depression.

Answer 48

Dust Bowl - supplied Allies with food but overworked the soil and the top soil blew away, farmers owed money and defaulted on loans, banks had to foreclose the land making the banks unstable
Run on Western Banks - people wanted their money out of the bank, money was used for loans
Bank failure
Stocks on margin - everyone went to banks to get money
Run on the Market - selling stock (some were undervalued)
Stock Market Crash
Mass Unemployment
Dictators
Chaos

Question 49

Create a diagram comparing and contrasting the responses of the Western Democracies to the Great Depression. Do you think those responses made it better or worse?

Answer 49

England did nothing and it was successful
The U.S. implemented new policies allowing the government to have more control over the economy and the U.S. had the depression worse than any other country.
France had new regulation and more government control of the economy.

Question 50

What is the difference between fascist dictatorships and communist dictatorships?

Answer 50

Communism (political ideology) advocates for a classless, equal society while fascism (racist) aimed for a system that still had strict classes.

Question 51

Why do think the German people embraced Hitler and his anti-Semitic messages?

Answer 51

They were winning and were a strong, unified nation under Hitler. Also many of them actually believed the message.
Hitler was good at propaganda. They were scared - they accepted Hitler’s rule. Anti-Semitism was and still is common. Jews did not assimilate.

Question 52

How did the totalitarian dictators seize control? What were the similarities in their methods?

Answer 52

Totalitarian dictators rose to power by being the majority party in their legislature. It could happen here if the party was elected to Congress and took over.

Question 53

How did the events of this era drive the cultural movements? Give specific examples.

Answer 53

People had more free time so they had more time to spend on cultural things. WWI, the Great Depression, and fascist movements made many people believe that humans were bad and were incapable of creating a sane and rational world.

Question 54

Discuss the ways in which the cultural movements of this era were a rejection of traditional values. How did the totalitarians react to this cultural change?

Answer 54

They were a rejection of traditional values because ideas like humanism had taught that humans are naturally good and this said they were naturally bad. Also art had been made to depict realistic scenes and surrealism depicted things in places where they usually wouldn’t be. The totalitarian dictators wanted to create their own art form that would glorify the strong, healthy, and heroic.