Enlightenment 1/2

Question 1

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 1

An eighteenth century movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed by the achievements of the Scientific Revolution

Question 2

How did these intellectuals want to use reasoning?

Answer 2

To improve their society

Question 3

What did Locke believe?

Answer 3

Knowledge is gained through senses and experiences, not inherited

Question 4

What were the intellectuals of the Enlightenment called?

Answer 4

Philosophie

Question 5

What did the philosophie do?

Answer 5

Apply reason to improve society

Question 6

What did Baron de Montesquieu do?

Answer 6

He used the scientific method to find the natural laws that governed the social and political relationships of human beings.

Question 7

What were Baron de Montesquieu’s views on government?

Answer 7

He thought that the best form of government was within the legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The separation of powers ensured that no group had more power than the other.

Question 8

What document did Baron de Montesquieu’s system of government affect?

Answer 8

The U.S. Constitution

Question 9

Baron de Montesquieu thought that a _______ with limited powers makes a country stable and secure.

Answer 9

monarchy

Question 10

Baron de Montesquieu thought that people chose to live in a society due to the ______ __ ___.

Answer 10

fear of war

Question 11

Baron de Montesquieu thought that everybody should live ____ and _____ under the law.

Answer 11

free, equal

Question 12

Voltaire believed that social progress could be achieved through ______ and that no _______ should be immune to challenge by reason.

Answer 12

reason, authority

Question 13

Voltaire wrote treaties on ______, ______, and _________. He also wrote more the 50 _____ and several books on history.

Answer 13

science, politics, philosophy, plays

Question 14

What did Voltaire advocate for?

Answer 14

Freedom of speech, religion, and a separation of church and the state

Question 15

What did Voltaire emphasize?

Answer 15

Tolerance, especially religious

Question 16

Voltaire thought that a ______ where the _____ respected the rights of the people was the best type of government.

Answer 16

monarchy, king

Question 17

Denis Diderot believe that man had no right to _______ others.

Answer 17

command

Question 18

Denis Diderot stated that everybody deserves to enjoy _______.

Answer 18

liberty

Question 19

Denis Diderot believed that any ______ or ______ should be under control and not overly demanding.

Answer 19

monarch, ruler

Question 20

Denis Diderot believed that European governments had acquired their powers by using ________ and that those oppressed needed to _______ for their ________.

Answer 20

violence, fight, rights

Question 21

What was Denis Diderot against?

Answer 21

Slavery

Question 22

Adam Smith believed that the state should not interfere in __________ matters.

Answer 22

economic

Question 23

What were the three roles Adam Smith gave to the government?

Answer 23

1. protect citizens from invasion
2. defend citizens from injustice
3. public works, such as roads and canals

Question 24

What is laissez-faire?

Answer 24

Letting the economy be free and not imposing restrictions

Question 25

Rousseau believed that every man was born ______.

Answer 25

free

Question 26

Rousseau believed that anyone whose will went against the people’s…

Answer 26

will be forced to be free (social contract)

Question 27

Rousseau believed that _______ _______ should not decide the will of the people and that a ______ _______ where the people voted on the decisions for the country was the best.

Answer 27

elected officials, direct democracy

Question 28

According to Rosseau, what was the most fundamental objective of a good government?

Answer 28

the freedom of all its citizens

Question 29

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for?

Answer 29

Women’s rights

Question 30

Mary Wollstonecraft believed that men were not inferior to women, only because of what?

Answer 30

A woman’s lack in education

Question 31

Name two ways Enlightenment ideas spread through literature.

Answer 31

1. The growth of publishing, reading public increased and was targeted towards the middle classes
2. Newspapers and magazines were developed for the general public

Question 32

How did the salons contribute to the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 32

Invited guests gathered and took part in conversations on the new ideas of the philosophies.

Question 33

Who participated at salon discussions?

Answer 33

Writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people

Question 34

What did Cesare Beccaria believe?

Answer 34

Punishments should not be exercises in brutality, and capital punishment was ineffective and wrong.

Question 35

Hobbes thought that humans were naturally….

Answer 35

vainglorious, dominating others, and demanding their respect

Question 36

Hobbes view of government were that

Answer 36

a government headed by a king was the best form that the sovereign could take

Question 37

Hobbes believed that the social contract was….

Answer 37

an agreement only among the people and not between them and their king.

Question 38

Hobbes thought that once the people had given absolute power to the king…

Answer 38

they had no right to revolt against him.