Age of Exploration 1/3

Question 1

Three motives of exploration

Answer 1

God, Glory, Gold

Question 2

What country had Europeans been long attracted to?

Answer 2

Asia

Question 3

What were the aspects of “gold” and the economy?

Answer 3

1. The Europeans hoped to expand trade, especially for the spices of the East.
2. The Europeans hoped to find precious metals.

Question 4

What was the religious aspect of exploration, known as “god”?

Answer 4

Many people shared beliefs with Hernán Cortés and wanted to spread Catholic faith

Question 5

What were the aspect of “glory”?

Answer 5

1. Kings and queens wanted land and power

2. Spirit of adventure

Question 6

What made the voyages possible?

Answer 6

1. European monarchies increased their power and their resources to focus beyond their borders
2. European technology allowed regular voyages

Question 7

What did Portuguese explorers find in the 1520s? Where did they find it?

Answer 7

They probed southward along the western coast of Africa and found a source of gold. This became known as the Gold Coast

Question 8

Who was Vasco da Gama and how did he contribute?

Answer 8

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese adventurer who rounded the southern tip of Africa and an cut across the Indian Ocean to reach the coast of India. He took a cargo of spices and earn several thousand percent profit once returning to Portugal.

Question 9

Did the Portuguese take control of the spice trade?

Answer 9

Yes. In 1509, the Portuguese defeated the Turkish and Indians and gained control of the spice trade in India.

Question 10

What other spice ports did the Portuguese take control of?

Answer 10

Melaka, China, Spice Islands

Question 11

What treaty established Portuguese control of the spice trade?

Answer 11

The treaty signed with a local ruler for the purchase and export of cloves to the European market

Question 12

What made the Portuguese the first successful European explorers?

Answer 12

Guns and seamanship

Question 13

What did Christopher Columbus do and discover?

Answer 13

Christopher Columbus thought that he could travel west around Africa instead of east to find Asia. He ended up at the Americas, where he explored the coastline of Cuba and Hispaniola. He also explored the Indies.

Question 14

How did the Portuguese and Spanish resolve the fear of the other stealing their land?

Answer 14

The Treaty of Tordesillas, which created a line through the Pacific Ocean and the southernmost part of Africa. Lands to the east would be controlled by the Portuguese, and lands to the west would be controlled by Spain.

Question 15

Who was John Cabot

Answer 15

A Venetian seaman who explored the New England coastline in the Americas for England

Question 16

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

Answer 16

A Florentine who wrote about his discoveries of lands, which were later named America (after him)

Question 17

What did the Europeans call the new lands?

Answer 17

the New World

Question 18

Who were conquistadors?

Answer 18

Spanish conquerors of the Americas. They were individuals whose firearms, organizational skills, and determination brought them great success

Question 19

What did Hernán Cortés do in central Mexico?

Answer 19

He marched to Tenochtitlán with a small body of troops and made alliances along the way. He then met the Aztec king, Montezuma. The Spanish took the king hostage and began to pillage the city. Even though the locals drove the invaders away and killed many of the Spaniards, the locals fell victim to the many European diseases. This allowed Cortés to gather troops and force the Aztecs to surrender. Cortés then built an empire in Mexico.

Question 20

Who was Francisco Pizarro and what did he do?

Answer 20

Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish conquistador who landed on the Pacific coast of South America with a band of 180 men. They brought smallpox to the Inca Empire, and even the Inca emperor fell victim to illness.

Question 21

What happened after the Inca emperor died?

Answer 21

His two sons competed for the throne. Athellupa defeated his brother’s forces. Pizarro then captured and executed Athellupa. He proceeded to capture the Inca capital. He established a new capital and Lima and built a Spanish empire.

Question 22

By 1550, what territory did the Spanish and the Portuguese claim?

Answer 22

Spanish: Central America, Mexico, and South America
Portuguese: Brazil

Question 23

What did Queen Isabella declare?

Answer 23

The Native Americans were her subjects, and the Spanish settlers in the Americas were the encomienda. This was the right of the landowners to use the Native Americans as slaves.

Question 24

How did the encomienda treat the Native Americans?

Answer 24

The encomienda treated the Native Americans brutally. They were put under harsh labor conditions in sugar plantations and in silver and gold mines.

Question 25

What caused many Native American deaths?

Answer 25

Forced labor, starvation, and disease

Question 26

What did Catholic monks do?

Answer 26

Converted and baptized Native Americans

Question 27

How were the social and political structures of the Native Americans affected?

Answer 27

European language, culture, government, and religion replaced Native American values. Parishes, schools, and hospitals were built.

Question 28

What did the Spanish colonists establish in the Americas?

Answer 28

Plantations and ranches used to grow sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock, and other products to export to Europe

Question 29

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 29

The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas

Question 30

In the Columbian Exchange, what did the Europeans bring?

Answer 30

Horses, cattle, and wheat

Question 31

In the Columbian Exchange, what did the Americas bring?

Answer 31

Corn, potatoes, cocoa, tomatoes, and tobacco

Question 32

How did the English challenge the Spanish and Portuguese?

Answer 32

An English fleet landed on the northwestern coast of India and established trade relations with the people there

Question 33

How did the Dutch challenge the Spanish and Portuguese?

Answer 33

Dutch fleets entered India and formed the East India Company, challenging trade across the Indian Ocean.

Question 34

What was the situation for the West Indian Company?

Answer 34

The Dutch established the West Indian Company to compete with the Spanish and Portuguese in the west. However, its profits were less than its expenditures.

Question 35

What were the Dutch settlements?

Answer 35

The Dutch made several settlements on the North American continent

Question 36

What were the French accomplishments?

Answer 36

The French colonized modern-day Canada and Louisiana. The first permanent French settlement in the Americas was founded.

Question 37

What did the English founded?

Answer 37

Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question 38

What happened in 1660?

Answer 38

Rivalry with the English and French brought the downfall of the Dutch commercial empire in the Americas

Question 39

What did the English seize?

Answer 39

The Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York

Question 40

By the end of the seventeenth century, what had the English accomplished?

Answer 40

They had established control over most of the eastern seaboard of North America. They established sugar plantations on several Caribbean islands.