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Science Challenge 2014 > Engineering and Technology set 2 > Flashcards

Engineering and Technology set 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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2
Q

What does an MRI show?

A

An MRI shows details of tissues inside the body.

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3
Q

What is a difference between a CT Scan and an MRI?

A

A MRI will show how an organ is functioning.

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4
Q

How many MRI scanners are thought to be worldwide?

A

25,000 MRI scanners are around the world

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5
Q

What did Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell discover in the 1930s.

A

Bloch and Purcell discovered nuclear magnetic resonance

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6
Q

What is nuclear magnetic resonance?

A

Nuclear magnetic resonance is the interaction between magnetic fields and radio waves which causes atoms to give off tiny radio signals.

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7
Q

Why is MRI considered non-destructive testing?

A

Non-destructive testing means you can see inside something without having to take it apart.

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8
Q

Who produced the first one dimensional MRI image?

A

Herman Carr in 1952 produced the first one dimensional MRI

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9
Q

What did Paul Lauterbur create?

A

Paul Lauterbur created the first sectional image of a mouse in the late 1970s.

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10
Q

How did Peter Mansfield improve MRI?

A

Peter Mansfield worked on math that would make it MRI faster, get clearer images and speed up time it takes to get the results.

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11
Q

When was the first full body MRI done?

A

In 1977, Damadian, Minkoff and Goldsmith produced the first full body scan.

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12
Q

What did Lauterbur and Mansfield win?

A

In 2003, Lauterbur and Mansfield won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to MRI 30 years earlier.

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13
Q

CT scanners use xray waves, what do MRIs use?

A

MRIs use radio waves to create pictures

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14
Q

How does an MRI work?

A

An MRI scanner uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to form images of the body.

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15
Q

How does an MRI affect the atoms of your body?

A

In an MRI powerful magnets move/align nuclei of hydrogen atoms, and then short pulses of radio signals cause the nuclei to go back to their original positions. The movement creates a weak radio signal which a computer reads.

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16
Q

What is unique about an MRI picture?

A

MRI pictures can be enhanced and can be in colour.

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17
Q

What can MRIs be used for?

A

MRIs can see tumors or structural problems in the body.

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18
Q

What is a functional MRI?

A

an fMRI can see changes in blood flow with in the brain, so they can watch a person’s brain respond as they read or talk.

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19
Q

Why are CT scans done more often if an MRI is a better picture?

A

CT scanners are less expensive to buy.

20
Q

How have MRIs changed how we view the brain?

A

MRIs have helped scientists learn more about the brain in the past 20 years than they learned in the past 100 years.

21
Q

What are the benefits of MRI machines?

A

MRI machines give you less xray radiation than CT scans, which could cause cancer, and they are excellent soft-tissue imaging (better than CT scans)

22
Q

What is a problem with MRI machines?

A

MRIs take a long time to get the image and the person has to go inside a long tube that can be claustrophobic (scared of small enclosed spaces)

23
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

An ultrasound is an imaging technique that helps to see soft tissues better than CT Scans.

24
Q

What is ultrasonography?

A

Ultrasonography is the ultrasound based imaging technique.

25
Q

CT scans use xrays, MRIs use radio waves, what do ultrasounds use?

A

Ultrasounds use sound waves to create the images.

26
Q

In 1942, what did Dr. Karl Dussik do?

A

Dr. Karl Dussik used sound waves to look at brains and published his research in Austria in 1942

27
Q

In the 1950s, how did Professor Ian Donald of Scotland improve Dussik’s work?

A

Donald developed practical/useful technology and applications for ultrasound uses.

28
Q

What is a simple way to explain ultrasound?

A

Ultrasound take pictures with sound.

29
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

ultrasound is a sound wave of very high frequency.

30
Q

Why can’t we hear ultrasound?

A

we can hear sounds from 20-20 000 Hz (Hertz) but we cannot hear 2 000 000 to 17 000 000 Hz which is the ultrasound frequency.

31
Q

How are ultrasound waves different that the sound waves we hear?

A

Ultrasound waves are mechanical waves which means they must travel through a solid or a liquid.

32
Q

Why is a gel applied to a patient’s skin when they get an ultrasound?

A

The gel helps the ultrasound tool move over the skin and gives the ultrasound something to travel through.

33
Q

What is the transducer?

A

The transducer is the instrument that the sonographer (technician) holds against the body.

34
Q

What is a sonographer?

A

A sonographer is the person/technician how does the ultrasound.

35
Q

How does an ultrasound work?

A

The transducer sends a sound wave through the tissue at a constant spped of 1 540 m/s. Body tissues will absorb, reflect, or refract the sound wave. When the sound returns to the transducer the sound energy is converted to pixels and a picture is made.

36
Q

What colour are the organs on an ultrasound picture?

A

Organs or babies show up as soft grey.

37
Q

What colour is blood and fluid on an ultrasound picture?

A

Blood and fluid is white on an ultrasound picture.

38
Q

What is the difference between a high frequency transducer and a low frequency transducer?

A

A high frequency transducer is used to image surface structures with more detail. A low frequency transducer is used to image structures that are deep with in the body, but those images will be less detailed.

39
Q

What is obstetric sonography?

A

Obstetric sonography is when they ultrasound the baby inside the mother.

40
Q

How else can they use ultrasound in medicine?

A

They also use ultrasound to help heal sprains faster, and pulses can break up kidney stones

41
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

lithotripsy is breaking up kidney and gallstones using ultrasound pulses.

42
Q

What are some other uses for ultrasound?

A

Vets use ultrasound, motion-sensors use it, jewelry cleaners and humidifiers

43
Q

What are the benefits of ultrasound?

A

Ultrasound does not appear to cause side effects, is inexpensive, and is quick, machines are portable so they can go into emergency departments rather than move accident victims.

44
Q

What is the radiology department in a hospital?

A

The radiology department is where they do xrays, ultrasounds, MRI and CT scans

45
Q

What kind of image does an ultrasound give?

A

An ultrasound machine gives a real-time (happening right now) moving image

Science Challenge 2014 (24 decks)

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