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science challenge 2014 > Biology Part 1 > Flashcards

Biology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

Biology is the study of living things.

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2
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

A multicellular organism is an organism made up of many cells

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3
Q

What does physiology mean?

A

Physiology means functioning.

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4
Q

Why are plants important to humans?

A

Plants produce oxygen which is essential to humans.

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5
Q

Besides oxygen, what do plants provide humans?

A

Plants provide food, medicine, wood

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6
Q

Even though plants can be 1cm to 100metres, what do they have in common?

A

Plants all have a similar structure of cells

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7
Q

Who discovered plant cells?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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8
Q

What did he name the little box like structures he saw in a cork sample?

A

He named the little boxes cells

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9
Q

Cells are the…

A

Cells are the basic unit of life.

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10
Q

What are the three main parts of cell theory?

A

Cell theory 1. all living things are made of cells, 2. cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things, 3. a cell only comes into existence by the division of a cell.

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11
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A eukaryote is an organism made up of large and complex cells

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12
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A prokaryote is a small, simple cell

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13
Q

What is an example of a prokaryote?

A

Bacteria is an example of a prokaryote.

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14
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are the structures that carry out the life function of a cell.

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15
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

The cell wall is the rigid outermost layer of a plant cell that makes it stiff. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.

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16
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

A cell membrane is the protective layer around all cells. It is made up of lipids (fats) and proteins.

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17
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is a thick, aqueous (water-based) solution in which organelles are found

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18
Q

What is dissolved in cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm has nutrients, salts, minerals and enzymes dissolved in it.

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19
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are molecules involved in metabolism.

20
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is the control center of the cell.

21
Q

What is in the nucleus?

A

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid is in the nucleus.

22
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA is the genetic material that directs all activities of a cell.

23
Q

Which cells do not have a nuclei?

A

Eukaryotic cells have nuclei (singular of nucleus), prokaryotic cells like bacteria do not

24
Q

How is the nucleus separated from the cytoplasm?

A

The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

25
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are little round structures that produce protein, they are found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

26
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane system of folded sacs and tunnels that helps move protein about the cell. Like a highway.

27
Q

What is the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes covering it.

28
Q

What is a Golgi body?

A

A Golgi body is a stack of membrane-covered sacs that prepare proteins for export to the cell.

29
Q

What are mitochondrion (mitochondria)

A

Mitochondrion are the power house of a cell, converting stored food (sugar and fat) into energy rich molecules (ATP Adenosine triphosphate)

30
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are the digestive center of a cell, breaking down worn out bits of cell etc

31
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are large membrane enclosed compartments that store toxic waste as well as water. Mainly found in plants.

32
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts contain green pigment that traps sunlight and converts it into sugar through photosynthesis

33
Q

What makes a plant cell unique?

A

A plant cell has a cell wall, like an exoskeleton.

34
Q

What makes up the cell wall?

A

The cell wall is made from carbohydrate molecules, cellulose and lignin.

35
Q

What do we use cellulose for?

A

Cellulose is used to make paper.

36
Q

What can cellulose be converted into?

A

Cellulose can be converted into cellulosic ethanol a type of biofuel

37
Q

Cows and sheep can digest cellulose, humans cannot. What do we call food with cellulose?

A

Food with cellulose help our digestion and we call it ‘fiber’

38
Q

What does lignin do in the cell wall?

A

Lignin helps water molecules move from one side to the other, and fills up the spaces between cellulose in the cell wall.

39
Q

What % of a cell is its vacuole?

A

A vacuole is about 30% of a plant cell, but it can swell to 80%.

40
Q

How does the vacuole support the cell walls?

A

The vacuole is full of water and puts pressure on the cell walls to keep them inflated like a water balloon.

41
Q

What is the vacuole pressure called?

A

Turgor pressure keeps the cell walls from collapsing inwards.

42
Q

Do human cells have chloroplasts?

A

No only plant cells have chloroplasts.

43
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Chloroplasts harness energy of the sun and store it in chemical bonds of sugar for later use.

44
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a green pigment that gives leaves their colour.

45
Q

What is a prokaryote that is an ancestor of chlorophyll?

A

Cyanobacteria is a bacteria capable of photosynthesis, so it may be an ancestor of the chloroplasts.

46
Q

How is red algae different?

A

Red algae chloroplasts have a pigment called phycobilin (not chlorophyll) which is red rather than green.

47
Q

What do plant cells have in common with animal cells?

A

Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, organelles and cytoplasm are the same in both types of cells. Just not the cell wall.

science challenge 2014 (24 decks)

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