Energy Systems Flashcards
Why’s ATP important
Only formable use of energy in muscles
How to break down ATP and what are products
ATPase = enzyme
Into - ADP, phosphate and energy = muscle contraction
How to make ATP
ADP and phosphate and energy from food
Features of PC
- stored in sarcoplasm
- high intensity aerobic
- 2-10s eg: sprint
- red meat and fish
Carbohydrates features
- stored in sarcoplasm and liver
- high intensity, aerobic and anaerobic
- 10s - 3m eg: 200m sprint
- found in pasta and bread
Fats and glycogen features
- stored under skin and around organs
- low intensity endurance events
- 3mins + as needed a lot of oxygen to break down, and needs to be transported to muscles
- paired with glycogen but fats are dominant
- found in oil and butter
ATP
Energy transfer names
ATP-PC
Anaerobic glycolytic
Aerobic
The ATP-PC system
whats teh formula for the recation
PC – P + C + energy
catylised by creatine kenase 1:1 ratio
The ATP-PC system
whats Pc relationship with ATP
ATP = used first
then the atp store plateaus as the PC is creating enrgy for ATP production
then when PC stores run out ATP also dips
The ATP-PC system
pros and cons
pros =
lots of energy quickly
no fatiuging bi products
increased stores of PC by creatine
Cons =
runs out quickly
needs 2-3 mins for 100% recovery
The anaerobic glycolytic system
how does the system work
glycogen – takes place in glycolysis in scarcoplasm with the enzym PFK into pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid broken into lactic acid in aneaurobic conditions with LDH
As lactic acid is unstable when it looses hydrogen = lactate = blood more acidic and inhibits enzyme activity = slows glycolysis = fatigue and pain
The anaerobic glycolytic system
Where can lactic acid be removed to
Fast twitch muscles fibres
In the liver for glycolysis
Protein
Blood glucose
Urine
The anaerobic glycolytic system
What’s the cori cycle
- glucose - pyruvate
- 2 ATP is produced
- Converted to lactic acid
- lactate to liver in aerobic conditions
- converted to glucose for the anaerobic glycolytic system What’s
The anaerobic glycolytic system
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
- ATP resynthesised quickly
- don’t need oxygen
- lactate used by slow twitch muscles fibres
- lactate converted to glycogen
Disadvantages
- lactic acid = bi product
- only 5% of energy from glycogen
- acidic environment inhibits atp resynthesis
OBLA
Key facts
- lactate threshold = same for everyone (4)
- the blood lactate per intensity can shift to the right for more trained people as they can buffer lactic acid and deal with higher levels of lactate as the have a advanced gaseous exchange
OBLA
How does VO2 and OBLA link
Higher VO2 = good fitness
Higher VO2 = lover rate of OBLA
OBLA
What percentages does OBLA occour
OBLA occours at 60% or untrained
80% for trained
OBLA
Factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation (5)
- excersise intensity - higher the intensity the higher rate of OBLA
- Rate if blood lactate removal
- Respiratory exchange- closer to 1 is better lactate removal
- Muscle twich type - slow twich = less lactate
- fitness - trained have adaptions which allow reduced lactate
AREOBIC ENERGY TRANSFER
step 1
Glycolysis
Glycogen into pyruvic acid + 2ATP
Catalysed by PFK
In sarcoplasm
AEROBIC ENERGY TRANSFER
Step 2
Kribs cycle - mitochondria
Pyruvic acid + acetyl co enzyme A = 2 ATP
Bi products = C and H
C + oxygen = Co2 = breathed out
H = electron transfer centre
V02max
Definition
Maximum volume of oxygen used by the body per min
V02max
Physiological reasons why a performer has high V02 max
- high levels of haemoglobin
- cappilarisation
- high levels of alveoli
- taller and bigger people = larger lungs
V02max
What percentage can a performer improve their v02 max
20%
V02max
Submaximal graph
Increases and plateaus due ti being limited by CV system
V02max
Increasing intensity graph
Has a higher increase then submaximal
Eventually plateaus reaching VO2 max
VO2 MAX
Factors affecting (7)
- TRAINING- 20% max improvement
- GENETICS - more slow twich increases VO2 max
- AGE - 30s decline 1% each year
- GENETICS - men have bigger hearts and Lungs
- BODY- more fat = lower VO2max
- LIFESTYLE - smoking decreases VO2 max
- physiology - good cardiovascular adaptations = increased VO2 max
VO2 MAX
Linking to lactate threshold
- OBLA always stays at 4mmol/l
- however OBLA can occur at a higher intensity or after longer periods of time due to a Higher VO2 max therefore working aerobically due to having a more efficient cardio system
VO2 MAX
Indirect and direct testing
Indirect - predicts VO2 max, eg: cooper run
Direct- gas analysis = measuring CO2 and O2 - increases intensity to exhaustion
VO2 MAX
Definitions of EPOC and O2 deficit
EPOC - xtra O2 = allows lactate removal and glycogen re synthesis
O2 deficit- not enough oxygen - needs to borrow
VO2 MAX
Fast EPOC characteristics
FAST EPOC = alactacid stage
3 mins - 4L of Oxygen
Re synthesis of ATP
Re saturation of myoglobin
Restoration of PC
VO2 MAX
Slow EPOC characteristics
SLOW EPOC - Lactacid stage
2 hours - 6L oxygen
Removal of lactic acids by converting to pyruvate either to glycogen ( cori cycle in the liver ) or to CO2 and Water in the mitochondria ( aerobic )
HR , BR, temp = high = increase gas movement and to allow enzyme activity
- replenishes glycogen by eating in a glycogen window = carbs within first 40 mins
INDIRECT CALORIMETRY
- accurate estimate of energy expenditure
Via gas analysis calculating RER by
Co2 produced / O2 consumed
Greater then 1 = carbs
Lower = fats
LACTATE SAMPLING
- take blood samples at regular intervals from finger or ear to measure blood lactate
- gives athletes lactate markers so they can train close to OBLA to try and delay it
VO2 MAX TEST
Performer trains to exhaustion, measuring Co2 out and O2 in
Shows the efficiency of using oxygen
Identifies fitness and can see if workout programs are affective
