Cardiovascular Flashcards
What’s valves between right atria and ventricle
Tricuspid
What’s valves between left atria and ventricle
Bicuspid
Where do electrical impulses start
Right atria
What does myogenic mean
The heart muscle is myogenic as the best starts in the heart muscle by the SA node
What’s the use of the SA node
The impulse travels through atria walls causing them to contract
What’s the use of the AV node
Delays the impulse for 0.1 seconds allowing the ventricles to fill fully, this then passes the impulse down
What’s the use of the bundle of his
Located in septum , it separates into left and right branches
What’s the use of the purkinje fibres
Receivers the electrical impulse and contracts from the bottom to push blood upwards towards semi lunar valves
What are chemoreceptors
Detect increase in blood co2 levels and PH levels
What are baroreceptors
Detect increase in blood pressure
What are proprioceptors
Detect increase in movement
What happens in neural control
Receptors detect change sending info to cardiac control centre within the medulla
Where a message is either more dominant down sympathetic or parasympathetic
What happens down sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve
Sympathetic- increase
Parasympathetic- decrease
What happens during hormonal control
Adrenaline - stress hormone released by sympathetic nerve system
Acetylcholine - released by parasympathetic nerve system
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s the unit of heart rate and average at rest and max
BPM
75bpm - rest
220-age - max
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s the unit if stroke volume and the amount at rest
Ml
Rest - 70ml
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s the unit of cardiac output and the amount at rest
L/min
Rest - 5
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Equation of HR, SV, Q
HR x SV = Q
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s maximal and sub maximal exercise
Max - to exhaustion
Sub - anything below
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The features of a maximal graph
- linear and directly proportional
- drops of at end do to nearly reaching maximal HR so acceleration slows
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Why is maximal HR never met
Because you fatigue too quickly due to working to hard and lactic acid production
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Features of a submaximal graph
- HR increases, due to proprio and chemo receptors
- Have a point of steady state where 02 demand is met
- The HR drops off rapidly due to barro receptors
- The HR then slows due to blood pressure lowering therefore slowing down the impulses
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Features of a maximum Sv graph
- increases with exercise
- reaches maximum at 50% intensity
- goes down dues to heart rate being high so ventricles don’t have enough time to fully fill up before ejection
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Features of a maximum Q graph
- increases with excersise
- reaches maximum at 100% intensity
- continues to rise past SV because HR increases and HR x SV = Q
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s the features of sub maximal SV and Q graphs
They are all the same
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Definition of:
Cardiac hypertrophy
Heart gets bigger and stronger
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Definition of:
Bradycardia
Resting HR below 60bpm
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Definition of:
Ejection fraction
% of blood pumped per beat
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Definition of:
Venous return
Volume of blood returning to the heart
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s the feature of a trained and an untrained individuals Q at rest and sub maximal
The same
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s the SV and HR of a trained person
SV is high
HR is low
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
What’s the SV and HR like for an untrained person
HR = high
SV = Low
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
How to tell a trained and untrained person from a graph
- untrained has a higher HR
- Trained has a quicker recovery time
When does cardiovascular drift occur- time and environments
Submaximal intensity
At 10 mins
Normally is warm environments
What happens during cardiovascular drift
- blood shunted towards skin
- sweating occurs
- blood is more viscous
- blood is harder to pump
- venous return lowers
- HR increases to compensate SV lowering
- cardiac output constant
Properties of arteries
- thick walls
- high pressure
- small lumen that can change size
Properties of arteries
- thick walls
- high pressure
- small lumen that can change size
Properties of capillaries
1 cell thick, slows blood flow for gaseous exchange
Properties of Veins
- have valves
- thin walls
- low pressure
- thick lumen
6 venous return mechanisms
- pocket valves
- muscle pump
- heart suction
- gravity
- respiratory pump
- smooth muscle in veins
VENOUS RETURN MECH
whats pocket valves
valves in veins, pushing blood, preventing backflow
VENOUS RETURN MECH
whats muscle pump
muscles contracting and relaxing pressing on veins
VENOUS RETURN MECH
heart suction
sucks blood from heart
VENOUS RETURN MECH
gravity
blood to heart from anywhere above
VENOUS RETURN MECH
respitory pump
pressure changes in chest and stomach, compressing veins
VENOUR RETURN MECH
smooth muscle in veins
contract and squeeze blood to heart
VENOUR RETURN MECH
3 most important
Heart suction
Muscle pump
Respitory pump
what happens without venous return mechanisms
if this doesnt occour blood will sit nad pool meaningn lactic acid isnt removed = doms
what is the concept of starlings law
increase VR increases SV
how does starlings law work
- increase VR
- greater volume of blood
- cardiac muscles stretch
- generates a greater force
- increase SV
2 types of BP
systolic and diastolic
whats systolic and diastolic
s - contraction strength
d - relaxation strength
whats the unit and resting BP
80
—- mmhg
120
for maximal excersise whats the graph for systolic or diastolic
linier and increasing constanty
for aerobic activity whats the graph for systolic
gradually reduces due to arteriole dialation
for aerobic activity whats the graph for diastolic
very little changes due to vasodilation
whats the relationship with VR and BP
when BP increases, VR increases
- when BP is low the VR mechanisms work harder to send more blood to the heart to increase BP
VASCULAR SHUNT mechanism
- increased co2, movement
- detected by receptors
- passed to medulla and VCC
- send message own sympathetic nerve
- vasoconstriction and vasodilation
2 parts of VASCULAR SHUNT
arterioles
pre capillary spinctors
relationship of VS and BP
hows BP controlled
…
arterioles vasodilate to allow blood flow and decrease pressure
arterioles vasoconstrict to allow reduced blood flow and increase pressure
relationship of VS and BP
why increase blood flow
02 for energy
AVO2 diff
What does it tell us
How much oxygen has been delivered and used by working muscles
As arteries arrive to muscles
And veins leave
AVO2 diff
What happened to AVO2 diff during exercise
The difference increases as more oxygen is being used by working muscles for respiration and energy
AVO2 diff
Why does training improve AVO2 diff
Larger difference as they are able to extract more O2 from blood
CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS
( 5 )
Increased haemoglobin
Capillarisation
Buffering lactic acid
Better at redistributing blood
CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS
( 5 )
Increased haemoglobin
Capillarisation
Buffering lactic acid
Better at redistributing blood
Cardiovascular adaptation
How does increases haemoglobin help athletes
More oxygen can bind and transfer to muscles
Cardiovascular adaptation
How does increased capillaries help an athletes
More O2 can diffuse
More sites for gaseous exchange
Cardiovascular adaptation
How does increased capillaries help an athletes
More O2 can diffuse
More sites for gaseous exchange
Cardiovascular adaptation
How does blood becoming less viscous help
Blood pressure is lower meaning SV is higher
Cardiovascular adaptation
How does athletes becoming better at buffering lactic acid help
Less fatigue so can exercise for longer
Cardiovascular adaptation
How does athletes becoming better at distributing blood help
More blood to muscles = energy
More blood to skin = CV drift
HEALTH
What’s heart disease and what causes it
Heart disease - arteries becoming blocked
Not doing enough exercise
Unhealthy diet
Smoking
HEALTH
What’s high blood pressure and what causes it
140
——
90
Caused by obesity, smoking, unhealthy diet
Cardiovascular adaptation
What’s cholesterol levels
Build up in arteries
LDL - transports cholesterol around the body
HDL - absorbs cholesterol reducing change of heart disease
HEALTH
what’s a stroke and the 2 types
Blood flow to the brain is disrupted or stopped leading to brain injury
Ischemic - blood clot
Ithemorragic - weakened blood vessel in brain bursts
HEALTH
how to prevent these conditions
- healthy diet
- don’t smoke
- don’t drink heavily
- balanced diet
- maintaining healthy weight
- regular excersise
