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A Level Physical Education > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What’s valves between right atria and ventricle

A

Tricuspid

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2
Q

What’s valves between left atria and ventricle

A

Bicuspid

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3
Q

Where do electrical impulses start

A

Right atria

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4
Q

What does myogenic mean

A

The heart muscle is myogenic as the best starts in the heart muscle by the SA node

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5
Q

What’s the use of the SA node

A

The impulse travels through atria walls causing them to contract

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6
Q

What’s the use of the AV node

A

Delays the impulse for 0.1 seconds allowing the ventricles to fill fully, this then passes the impulse down

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7
Q

What’s the use of the bundle of his

A

Located in septum , it separates into left and right branches

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8
Q

What’s the use of the purkinje fibres

A

Receivers the electrical impulse and contracts from the bottom to push blood upwards towards semi lunar valves

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9
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Detect increase in blood co2 levels and PH levels

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10
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Detect increase in blood pressure

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11
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Detect increase in movement

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12
Q

What happens in neural control

A

Receptors detect change sending info to cardiac control centre within the medulla

Where a message is either more dominant down sympathetic or parasympathetic

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13
Q

What happens down sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve

A

Sympathetic- increase
Parasympathetic- decrease

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14
Q

What happens during hormonal control

A

Adrenaline - stress hormone released by sympathetic nerve system

Acetylcholine - released by parasympathetic nerve system

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15
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the unit of heart rate and average at rest and max

A

BPM
75bpm - rest
220-age - max

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16
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the unit if stroke volume and the amount at rest

A

Ml
Rest - 70ml

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17
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the unit of cardiac output and the amount at rest

A

L/min
Rest - 5

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18
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Equation of HR, SV, Q

A

HR x SV = Q

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19
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s maximal and sub maximal exercise

A

Max - to exhaustion
Sub - anything below

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20
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

The features of a maximal graph

A
  • linear and directly proportional
  • drops of at end do to nearly reaching maximal HR so acceleration slows
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21
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Why is maximal HR never met

A

Because you fatigue too quickly due to working to hard and lactic acid production

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22
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Features of a submaximal graph

A
  • HR increases, due to proprio and chemo receptors
  • Have a point of steady state where 02 demand is met
  • The HR drops off rapidly due to barro receptors
  • The HR then slows due to blood pressure lowering therefore slowing down the impulses
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23
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Features of a maximum Sv graph

A
  • increases with exercise
  • reaches maximum at 50% intensity
  • goes down dues to heart rate being high so ventricles don’t have enough time to fully fill up before ejection
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24
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Features of a maximum Q graph

A
  • increases with excersise
  • reaches maximum at 100% intensity
  • continues to rise past SV because HR increases and HR x SV = Q
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25
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the features of sub maximal SV and Q graphs

A

They are all the same

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26
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Definition of:

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

Heart gets bigger and stronger

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27
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Definition of:

Bradycardia

A

Resting HR below 60bpm

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28
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Definition of:

Bradycardia

A

Resting HR below 60bpm

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29
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Definition of:

Ejection fraction

A

% of blood pumped per beat

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30
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Definition of:

Venous return

A

Volume of blood returning to the heart

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31
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the feature of a trained and an untrained individuals Q at rest and sub maximal

A

The same

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32
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the SV and HR of a trained person

A

SV is high
HR is low

33
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the SV and HR like for an untrained person

A

HR = high
SV = Low

34
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

How to tell a trained and untrained person from a graph

A
  • untrained has a higher HR
  • Trained has a quicker recovery time
35
Q

When does cardiovascular drift occur- time and environments

A

Submaximal intensity
At 10 mins
Normally is warm environments

36
Q

What happens during cardiovascular drift

A
  • blood shunted towards skin
  • sweating occurs
  • blood is more viscous
  • blood is harder to pump
  • venous return lowers
  • HR increases to compensate SV lowering
  • cardiac output constant
37
Q

Properties of arteries

A
  • thick walls
  • high pressure
  • small lumen that can change size
38
Q

Properties of arteries

A
  • thick walls
  • high pressure
  • small lumen that can change size
39
Q

Properties of capillaries

A

1 cell thick, slows blood flow for gaseous exchange

40
Q

Properties of Veins

A
  • have valves
  • thin walls
  • low pressure
  • thick lumen
41
Q

6 venous return mechanisms

A
  • pocket valves
  • muscle pump
  • heart suction
  • gravity
  • respiratory pump
  • smooth muscle in veins
42
Q

VENOUS RETURN MECH
whats pocket valves

A

valves in veins, pushing blood, preventing backflow

43
Q

VENOUS RETURN MECH
whats muscle pump

A

muscles contracting and relaxing pressing on veins

44
Q

VENOUS RETURN MECH
heart suction

A

sucks blood from heart

45
Q

VENOUS RETURN MECH
gravity

A

blood to heart from anywhere above

46
Q

VENOUS RETURN MECH
respitory pump

A

pressure changes in chest and stomach, compressing veins

47
Q

VENOUR RETURN MECH
smooth muscle in veins

A

contract and squeeze blood to heart

48
Q

VENOUR RETURN MECH
3 most important

A

Heart suction
Muscle pump
Respitory pump

49
Q

what happens without venous return mechanisms

A

if this doesnt occour blood will sit nad pool meaningn lactic acid isnt removed = doms

50
Q

what is the concept of starlings law

A

increase VR increases SV

51
Q

how does starlings law work

A
  • increase VR
  • greater volume of blood
  • cardiac muscles stretch
  • generates a greater force
  • increase SV
52
Q

2 types of BP

A

systolic and diastolic

53
Q

whats systolic and diastolic

A

s - contraction strength
d - relaxation strength

54
Q

whats the unit and resting BP

A

80
—- mmhg
120

55
Q

for maximal excersise whats the graph for systolic or diastolic

A

linier and increasing constanty

56
Q

for aerobic activity whats the graph for systolic

A

gradually reduces due to arteriole dialation

57
Q

for aerobic activity whats the graph for diastolic

A

very little changes due to vasodilation

58
Q

whats the relationship with VR and BP

A

when BP increases, VR increases

  • when BP is low the VR mechanisms work harder to send more blood to the heart to increase BP
59
Q

VASCULAR SHUNT mechanism

A
  • increased co2, movement
  • detected by receptors
  • passed to medulla and VCC
  • send message own sympathetic nerve
  • vasoconstriction and vasodilation
60
Q

2 parts of VASCULAR SHUNT

A

arterioles
pre capillary spinctors

61
Q

relationship of VS and BP
hows BP controlled

A

…
arterioles vasodilate to allow blood flow and decrease pressure

arterioles vasoconstrict to allow reduced blood flow and increase pressure

62
Q

relationship of VS and BP
why increase blood flow

A

02 for energy

63
Q

AVO2 diff

What does it tell us

A

How much oxygen has been delivered and used by working muscles

As arteries arrive to muscles
And veins leave

64
Q

AVO2 diff

What happened to AVO2 diff during exercise

A

The difference increases as more oxygen is being used by working muscles for respiration and energy

65
Q

AVO2 diff

Why does training improve AVO2 diff

A

Larger difference as they are able to extract more O2 from blood

66
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS
( 5 )

A

Increased haemoglobin
Capillarisation
Buffering lactic acid
Better at redistributing blood

67
Q

CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS
( 5 )

A

Increased haemoglobin
Capillarisation
Buffering lactic acid
Better at redistributing blood

68
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

How does increases haemoglobin help athletes

A

More oxygen can bind and transfer to muscles

69
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

How does increased capillaries help an athletes

A

More O2 can diffuse
More sites for gaseous exchange

70
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

How does increased capillaries help an athletes

A

More O2 can diffuse
More sites for gaseous exchange

71
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

How does blood becoming less viscous help

A

Blood pressure is lower meaning SV is higher

72
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

How does blood becoming less viscous help

A

Blood pressure is lower meaning SV is higher

73
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

How does athletes becoming better at buffering lactic acid help

A

Less fatigue so can exercise for longer

74
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

How does athletes becoming better at distributing blood help

A

More blood to muscles = energy

More blood to skin = CV drift

75
Q

HEALTH

What’s heart disease and what causes it

A

Heart disease - arteries becoming blocked

Not doing enough exercise
Unhealthy diet
Smoking

76
Q

HEALTH

What’s high blood pressure and what causes it

A

140
——
90

Caused by obesity, smoking, unhealthy diet

77
Q

Cardiovascular adaptation

What’s cholesterol levels

A

Build up in arteries

LDL - transports cholesterol around the body

HDL - absorbs cholesterol reducing change of heart disease

78
Q

HEALTH

what’s a stroke and the 2 types

A

Blood flow to the brain is disrupted or stopped leading to brain injury

Ischemic - blood clot

Ithemorragic - weakened blood vessel in brain bursts

79
Q

HEALTH

how to prevent these conditions

A
  • healthy diet
  • don’t smoke
  • don’t drink heavily
  • balanced diet
  • maintaining healthy weight
  • regular excersise

A Level Physical Education (4 decks)

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