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A Level Physical Education > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What’s valves between right atria and ventricle

A

Tricuspid

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2
Q

What’s valves between left atria and ventricle

A

Bicuspid

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3
Q

Where do electrical impulses start

A

Right atria

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4
Q

What does myogenic mean

A

The heart muscle is myogenic as the best starts in the heart muscle by the SA node

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5
Q

What’s the use of the SA node

A

The impulse travels through atria walls causing them to contract

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6
Q

What’s the use of the AV node

A

Delays the impulse for 0.1 seconds allowing the ventricles to fill fully, this then passes the impulse down

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7
Q

What’s the use of the bundle of his

A

Located in septum , it separates into left and right branches

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8
Q

What’s the use of the purkinje fibres

A

Receivers the electrical impulse and contracts from the bottom to push blood upwards towards semi lunar valves

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9
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Detect increase in blood co2 levels and PH levels

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10
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Detect increase in blood pressure

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11
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Detect increase in movement

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12
Q

What happens in neural control

A

Receptors detect change sending info to cardiac control centre within the medulla

Where a message is either more dominant down sympathetic or parasympathetic

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13
Q

What happens down sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve

A

Sympathetic- increase
Parasympathetic- decrease

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14
Q

What happens during hormonal control

A

Adrenaline - stress hormone released by sympathetic nerve system

Acetylcholine - released by parasympathetic nerve system

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15
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the unit of heart rate and average at rest and max

A

BPM
75bpm - rest
220-age - max

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16
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the unit if stroke volume and the amount at rest

A

Ml
Rest - 70ml

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17
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s the unit of cardiac output and the amount at rest

A

L/min
Rest - 5

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18
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Equation of HR, SV, Q

A

HR x SV = Q

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19
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

What’s maximal and sub maximal exercise

A

Max - to exhaustion
Sub - anything below

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20
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

The features of a maximal graph

A
  • linear and directly proportional
  • drops of at end do to nearly reaching maximal HR so acceleration slows
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21
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Why is maximal HR never met

A

Because you fatigue too quickly due to working to hard and lactic acid production

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22
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Features of a submaximal graph

A
  • HR increases, due to proprio and chemo receptors
  • Have a point of steady state where 02 demand is met
  • The HR drops off rapidly due to barro receptors
  • The HR then slows due to blood pressure lowering therefore slowing down the impulses
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23
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Features of a maximum Sv graph

A
  • increases with exercise
  • reaches maximum at 50% intensity
  • goes down dues to heart rate being high so ventricles don’t have enough time to fully fill up before ejection
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24
Q

IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Features of a maximum Q graph

A
  • increases with excersise
  • reaches maximum at 100% intensity
  • continues to rise past SV because HR increases and HR x SV = Q
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25
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY What’s the features of sub maximal SV and Q graphs
They are all the same
26
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Definition of: Cardiac hypertrophy
Heart gets bigger and stronger
27
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Definition of: Bradycardia
Resting HR below 60bpm
28
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Definition of: Ejection fraction
% of blood pumped per beat
29
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Definition of: Venous return
Volume of blood returning to the heart
30
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY What’s the feature of a trained and an untrained individuals Q at rest and sub maximal
The same
31
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY What’s the SV and HR of a trained person
SV is high HR is low
32
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY What’s the SV and HR like for an untrained person
HR = high SV = Low
33
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY How to tell a trained and untrained person from a graph
- untrained has a higher HR - Trained has a quicker recovery time
34
When does cardiovascular drift occur- time and environments
Submaximal intensity At 10 mins Normally is warm environments
35
What happens during cardiovascular drift
- blood shunted towards skin - sweating occurs - blood is more viscous - blood is harder to pump - venous return lowers - HR increases to compensate SV lowering - cardiac output constant
36
Properties of arteries
- thick walls - high pressure - small lumen that can change size
37
Properties of arteries
- thick walls - high pressure - small lumen that can change size
38
Properties of capillaries
1 cell thick, slows blood flow for gaseous exchange
39
Properties of Veins
- have valves - thin walls - low pressure - thick lumen
40
6 venous return mechanisms
- pocket valves - muscle pump - heart suction - gravity - respiratory pump - smooth muscle in veins
41
VENOUS RETURN MECH whats pocket valves
valves in veins, pushing blood, preventing backflow
42
VENOUS RETURN MECH whats muscle pump
muscles contracting and relaxing pressing on veins
43
VENOUS RETURN MECH heart suction
sucks blood from heart
44
VENOUS RETURN MECH gravity
blood to heart from anywhere above
45
VENOUS RETURN MECH respitory pump
pressure changes in chest and stomach, compressing veins
46
VENOUR RETURN MECH smooth muscle in veins
contract and squeeze blood to heart
47
VENOUR RETURN MECH 3 most important
Heart suction Muscle pump Respitory pump
48
what happens without venous return mechanisms
if this doesnt occour blood will sit nad pool meaningn lactic acid isnt removed = doms
49
what is the concept of starlings law
increase VR increases SV
50
how does starlings law work
- increase VR - greater volume of blood - cardiac muscles stretch - generates a greater force - increase SV
51
2 types of BP
systolic and diastolic
52
whats systolic and diastolic
s - contraction strength d - relaxation strength
53
whats the unit and resting BP
80 ---- mmhg 120
54
for maximal excersise whats the graph for systolic or diastolic
linier and increasing constanty
55
for aerobic activity whats the graph for systolic
gradually reduces due to arteriole dialation
56
for aerobic activity whats the graph for diastolic
very little changes due to vasodilation
57
whats the relationship with VR and BP
when BP increases, VR increases - when BP is low the VR mechanisms work harder to send more blood to the heart to increase BP
58
VASCULAR SHUNT mechanism
- increased co2, movement - detected by receptors - passed to medulla and VCC - send message own sympathetic nerve - vasoconstriction and vasodilation
59
2 parts of VASCULAR SHUNT
arterioles pre capillary spinctors
60
relationship of VS and BP hows BP controlled
... arterioles vasodilate to allow blood flow and decrease pressure arterioles vasoconstrict to allow reduced blood flow and increase pressure
61
relationship of VS and BP why increase blood flow
02 for energy
62
AVO2 diff What does it tell us
How much oxygen has been delivered and used by working muscles As arteries arrive to muscles And veins leave
63
AVO2 diff What happened to AVO2 diff during exercise
The difference increases as more oxygen is being used by working muscles for respiration and energy
64
AVO2 diff Why does training improve AVO2 diff
Larger difference as they are able to extract more O2 from blood
65
CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS ( 5 )
Increased haemoglobin Capillarisation Buffering lactic acid Better at redistributing blood
66
CARDIOVASCULAR ADAPTATIONS ( 5 )
Increased haemoglobin Capillarisation Buffering lactic acid Better at redistributing blood
67
Cardiovascular adaptation How does increases haemoglobin help athletes
More oxygen can bind and transfer to muscles
68
Cardiovascular adaptation How does increased capillaries help an athletes
More O2 can diffuse More sites for gaseous exchange
69
Cardiovascular adaptation How does increased capillaries help an athletes
More O2 can diffuse More sites for gaseous exchange
70
Cardiovascular adaptation How does blood becoming less viscous help
Blood pressure is lower meaning SV is higher
71
Cardiovascular adaptation How does athletes becoming better at buffering lactic acid help
Less fatigue so can exercise for longer
72
Cardiovascular adaptation How does athletes becoming better at distributing blood help
More blood to muscles = energy More blood to skin = CV drift
73
HEALTH What’s heart disease and what causes it
Heart disease - arteries becoming blocked Not doing enough exercise Unhealthy diet Smoking
74
HEALTH What’s high blood pressure and what causes it
140 —— 90 Caused by obesity, smoking, unhealthy diet
75
Cardiovascular adaptation What’s cholesterol levels
Build up in arteries LDL - transports cholesterol around the body HDL - absorbs cholesterol reducing change of heart disease
76
HEALTH what’s a stroke and the 2 types
Blood flow to the brain is disrupted or stopped leading to brain injury Ischemic - blood clot Ithemorragic - weakened blood vessel in brain bursts
77
HEALTH how to prevent these conditions
- healthy diet - don’t smoke - don’t drink heavily - balanced diet - maintaining healthy weight - regular excersise

A Level Physical Education (15 decks)

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