Energy Oil And Coal Flashcards
Forms of hydrocarbons
Crude oil
Natural gas
Coal
Formation of oil
Photosynthesis in oceans
Dead matter sinks
Anaerobic conditions- accumulation
What buries organic matter
Sediments
What traps pressure and heat?
Non-porous layers of rock or salt
Difference between oil reserves and resources
Resources= amount found on planet
Reserves= amount we have access to
What wad the dominant form of energy until the 1800’s
Coal
When and where was the first commercial well
1859 , Pennsylvania
Did the US used to be self sufficient concerning oil?
Yes
When can we expect peak global production?
No one knows, but it will happen.
——- said oil exploration in the US would follow a bell-shaped curve ( hubbert curve)
M.king hubert
When did hubert predict peak production in the US
1970… production declined and demand went beyond supply.
Peak significance
Effects felt before we run out
Costs of drilling increase
Easiest wells extracted first
Drilling less profitable wells
The organization of the petroleum exporting countries (14 nations) responsible for global oil prices
OPEC
When and where was OPEC formed
Iraq 1960
Who is dependent on OPEC
Japan, Europe, US
OPEC cut production 5% per month
Banned exports to US
Gas prices rose
Oil embargo
What did the US do due to the embargo
Trans Alaskan pipeline
Strategic petroleum reserve (1975)
DOE (1977)
Cars made to average 27.5 mpg (1985)
Pay higher prices and bought more oil
How much is oil?
92$ a barrel
Have moves toward efficiency and alternatives been a priority?
No
What is phenol extracted from? (1834)
Coal tar
When were plastic beverage containers used
1970s
What amount of plastic is petroleum/natural gas based
Almost all
What percentage of every barrel of oil is used to make plastics and other non-fuel products?
15
How many tons of plastic are caught in gyres?
3.5 mil
What are the ecological effects of plastic in oceans?
Increasing plastic in oceans
Entering food webs
Unknown
Tightly linked to sand and rock
Takes large amount of energy to extract
Oil sands bitumen
How is sand strip-mined
2tons/1 barrel of oil is heated
Washed by hot water and solvents to remove bitumen
Cook bitumen at 900°F
Is oil shale environmentally practical?
No
Producting oil sands and shale draw heavily on?
Water and energy
As conventional crude gets more expensive oil sands and shale become…
More
Profitable
Oil spill in the gulf which flowed for 3 months in 2010 and may still be seeping and largest marine oil spill
The deep water horizon oil spill
How many people were killed and injured by the spill?
11 k 17 I
How many barrels were released into the gulf
4.9 mil
Effects of oil spill
Tar balls on shore
Oil sheen trails
Marsh and wetland dying
Dolphins and wales dead
Mutated crabs, shrimp, and fish
How many miles of coastline in Louisiana Mississippi Alabama and Florida are contaminated by BP
491
Coal transformation steps
Peat
Lignite
Bitumen
Anthracite
Drawbacks of electricity generated
Greenhouse gasses
Acid rain
Acid mine drainage Particulates
How is US electricity generated (percent)
45 coal
23 natural gas
Any form of precipitation that is acidic
Acid rain
How is acid rain formed
Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
The outflow of acidic water from mines
Acid mine drainage
What may contribute to acid rock drainage
Areas where the earth has been disturbed
