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Ecology > Energy Oil And Coal > Flashcards

Energy Oil And Coal Flashcards

1
Q

Forms of hydrocarbons

A

Crude oil
Natural gas
Coal

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2
Q

Formation of oil

A

Photosynthesis in oceans
Dead matter sinks
Anaerobic conditions- accumulation

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3
Q

What buries organic matter

A

Sediments

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4
Q

What traps pressure and heat?

A

Non-porous layers of rock or salt

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5
Q

Difference between oil reserves and resources

A

Resources= amount found on planet
Reserves= amount we have access to

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6
Q

What wad the dominant form of energy until the 1800’s

A

Coal

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7
Q

When and where was the first commercial well

A

1859 , Pennsylvania

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8
Q

Did the US used to be self sufficient concerning oil?

A

Yes

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9
Q

When can we expect peak global production?

A

No one knows, but it will happen.

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10
Q

——- said oil exploration in the US would follow a bell-shaped curve ( hubbert curve)

A

M.king hubert

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11
Q

When did hubert predict peak production in the US

A

1970… production declined and demand went beyond supply.

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12
Q

Peak significance

A

Effects felt before we run out
Costs of drilling increase
Easiest wells extracted first
Drilling less profitable wells

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13
Q

The organization of the petroleum exporting countries (14 nations) responsible for global oil prices

A

OPEC

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14
Q

When and where was OPEC formed

A

Iraq 1960

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15
Q

Who is dependent on OPEC

A

Japan, Europe, US

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16
Q

OPEC cut production 5% per month
Banned exports to US
Gas prices rose

A

Oil embargo

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17
Q

What did the US do due to the embargo

A

Trans Alaskan pipeline
Strategic petroleum reserve (1975)
DOE (1977)
Cars made to average 27.5 mpg (1985)
Pay higher prices and bought more oil

18
Q

How much is oil?

A

92$ a barrel

19
Q

Have moves toward efficiency and alternatives been a priority?

A

No

20
Q

What is phenol extracted from? (1834)

A

Coal tar

21
Q

When were plastic beverage containers used

A

1970s

22
Q

What amount of plastic is petroleum/natural gas based

A

Almost all

23
Q

What percentage of every barrel of oil is used to make plastics and other non-fuel products?

A

15

24
Q

How many tons of plastic are caught in gyres?

A

3.5 mil

25
Q

What are the ecological effects of plastic in oceans?

A

Increasing plastic in oceans
Entering food webs
Unknown

26
Q

Tightly linked to sand and rock
Takes large amount of energy to extract

A

Oil sands bitumen

27
Q

How is sand strip-mined

A

2tons/1 barrel of oil is heated
Washed by hot water and solvents to remove bitumen
Cook bitumen at 900°F

28
Q

Is oil shale environmentally practical?

A

No

29
Q

Producting oil sands and shale draw heavily on?

A

Water and energy

30
Q

As conventional crude gets more expensive oil sands and shale become…

A

More
Profitable

31
Q

Oil spill in the gulf which flowed for 3 months in 2010 and may still be seeping and largest marine oil spill

A

The deep water horizon oil spill

32
Q

How many people were killed and injured by the spill?

A

11 k 17 I

33
Q

How many barrels were released into the gulf

A

4.9 mil

34
Q

Effects of oil spill

A

Tar balls on shore
Oil sheen trails
Marsh and wetland dying
Dolphins and wales dead
Mutated crabs, shrimp, and fish

35
Q

How many miles of coastline in Louisiana Mississippi Alabama and Florida are contaminated by BP

A

491

36
Q

Coal transformation steps

A

Peat
Lignite
Bitumen
Anthracite

37
Q

Drawbacks of electricity generated

A

Greenhouse gasses
Acid rain
Acid mine drainage Particulates

38
Q

How is US electricity generated (percent)

A

45 coal
23 natural gas

39
Q

Any form of precipitation that is acidic

A

Acid rain

40
Q

How is acid rain formed

A

Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

41
Q

The outflow of acidic water from mines

A

Acid mine drainage

42
Q

What may contribute to acid rock drainage

A

Areas where the earth has been disturbed

Ecology (14 decks)

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