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Biology > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Total of organism’s chemical reactions is called____

A

metabolism

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2
Q

Types of metabolic pathways

A

1)anabolic pathways
2)catabolic pathways

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3
Q

What is anabolic pathway?

A

metabolic pathway that used up energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

aka biosynthetic pathways

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4
Q

examples of anabolic pathways

A

synthesis of proteins from amino acids

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5
Q

What is catabolic pathway?

A

metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules

aka breakdown pathways

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6
Q

example of catabolic pathway

A

cellular respiration

Glucoseကိုဖြိုခွဲပြီးenergyထုတ်

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7
Q

Catabolic pathway is _____ and anabolic pathway is _____

A

downhill
uphill

downhill ကထွက်တဲ့energyကိုuphillမှာသုံး

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8
Q

Energy is ____

A

capacity to cause change

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9
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy related to motions of objects

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10
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

kinetic energy related to random movement of atoms or molecules

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11
Q

Thermal energy transfer from one obj to another is called ____

A

heat

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12
Q

What is potential energy?

A

energy of non-moving objects due to its structure or position

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13
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

potential energy released during chemical reaction

eg.bond formingကထွက်တဲ့energy

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14
Q

Do plants can produce energy?

A

No
Organisms are energy transformers

Plants—->light energy to chemical energyပြောင်း

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15
Q

Energy transformation that occur in a collection if matter is called _____

A

thermodynamics

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16
Q

Is there any energy exchange in closed system?

A

no

closed system cannot exchange energy with surrounding

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17
Q

Is there any energy exchange in open system?

A

Yes

open system can exchange energy b/w matter and surroundings

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18
Q

Organisms are ____ system and _____

A

open system
energy transformer

eg.plant use light energy to transform chemical energy

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19
Q

What is First law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy of the universe is CONSTANT.
Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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20
Q

If energy cannot be destroyed,why organisms can’t recycle and used its own energy over and over again?

A

b/c during energy transformation, most of the unusable energy are converted to thermal energy and released as heat.

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21
Q

In which situation thermal energy can be used in organisms ?

A

if there is temperature difference,the thermal energy can be used.
If the temperature is uniform,thermal energy is released as heat.

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22
Q

The loss of usable energy as heat increases the ____ of universe.

A

disorder of molecules in the universe

23
Q

What is entropy?

A

measure of molecular disorders or randomness

24
Q

The more the random arrangements in matter,the ____ the entropy

A

greater

25
Q

What is second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transformation or transfer increases the entropy of the universe.

26
Q

What is spontaneous process?

A

Entropy increasing process that can cause on its own without any input of energy.
eg.car rusting

27
Q

What is non-spontaneous process?

A

Entropy decreasing process that can happen only when energy is supplied.
(moving of water uphill requires energy

28
Q

Why non spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe?

A

Non-spontaneous process decreases entropy of system but increased the entropy of the whole universe.(the process requires energy)

29
Q

How living organisms increase the entropy of surrounding?

A

cells create organized structures from less organized starting materials(energyလို___ပိုတဲ့energyကheatအနေနဲ့surroundingကိုထွက်)

30
Q

Energy flows into ecosystems as ____ and exits as ____

A

light
heat

31
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

Pentose sugar-ribose+ nitrogenous base(adenine)+3 phosphate groups

32
Q

How is ATP used to perform cellular work?

A

By exergonic reaction of hydrolysis of ATP and endergonic reaction of ATP donating its phosphate group to another molecule by a process known as phosphorylation

33
Q

What are three phosphate groups of ATP called?

A

Alpha,beta and gamma

High energy bonds are between alpha and beta + beta and gamma

34
Q

Which form of ATP is more unstablized?

A

Phosphorylated ATP is more unstable

35
Q

What is the hydrolysis reaction of ATP?

A

ATP + H20 <————> ADP + Pi + Free Energy

36
Q

Under cellular reactions, how much energy does hydrolysis of one mole of ATP yield?

A

-14 kcal/mol

37
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The total energy of the universe is constant; the energy cannot be destroyed or created but it can be transferred and transformed.

38
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every transfer of energy involves loss of energy, resulting in a more disordered system, thus no energy transfer is efficient.

39
Q

What kind of energy is resulted in every transfer of energy or transformation

A

Unusable energy , example heat energy

40
Q

What is potential energy ?

A

The energy that has the potential to do work. Chemical bonds of macromolecules have potential energy so that energy is released by the breakdown of these bonds to do work for our body.

41
Q

What is free energy?

A

According to the second law of thermodynamics, every transfer of energy result in the loss of energy in the form of unusable energy. Free energy is the measure of the USABLE energy, the energy that is able to do work.

42
Q

What is the state of equilibrium?

A

Lowest free energy and highest entropy

43
Q

What happens to the cells when they reach the state of equilibrium?

A

They die because they don’t have enough free energy to carry out the functions.

44
Q

Do cells reach the state of equilibrium?

A

No, bcuz cells are in open system and obtain the energy from their surroundings and cell cycles alsoreogele the energy from a reaction to another

45
Q

Why is phosphorylated form of ATP is unstable?

A

Bcuz phosphate groups have negatively charges and hence repel one another, the repulsion makes ATP unstable.

The negatively charges repel one another, hence requiring energy to bond them together and releasing energy when these bonds are broken

46
Q

What happens when biological macromolecules are broken?

A

During a catabolic reaction, some bonds are broken and others are formed, releasing energy and resulting in lower-energy breakdown products.

47
Q

Organisms are ——- systems

A

Open system, they receive energy from light or chemical food and transform them to heat and other energy in their surroundings

48
Q

At the equilibrium , free energy is —— and ——— is maximum

A

Minimum, entropy

49
Q

Every energy transformation, decreases the amount of usable energy, true or flase

A

Yes

50
Q

The entropy of the organisms ——— as the disorderness of the surroundings ———

A

Decreases/ increases

Simpler molecules are obtained from the complex molecules breakdown ——> organisms entropy lowers but the breakdown of molecules produces unusable energy and hence increase the entropy of the universe

51
Q

For delta G to be negative, enthalpy must be ——- and entropy must be ——-

A

Enthalpy- negative
Entropy- positive

Spontaneous reaction———> decreases the amount of free energy. Therefore, delta G is negative

52
Q

Delta G= 0. Spontaneous or non- spontaneous

A

Non spontaneous

53
Q

What is the standard conditions of the Gibbs free energy ?

A

pH=7
Temperature= 25 degree Celsius Pressure= 760 mmHg

54
Q

How is the concentration of ATP restored?

A

By endergonic reaction of ADP+ Pi, since it is endergonic, it needs energy. That energy comes from the catabolic reactions in the cell such as cellular respiration.

Biology (16 decks)

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