Energy Flashcards
Total of organism’s chemical reactions is called____
metabolism
Types of metabolic pathways
1)anabolic pathways
2)catabolic pathways
What is anabolic pathway?
metabolic pathway that used up energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
aka biosynthetic pathways
examples of anabolic pathways
synthesis of proteins from amino acids
What is catabolic pathway?
metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules
aka breakdown pathways
example of catabolic pathway
cellular respiration
Glucoseကိုဖြိုခွဲပြီးenergyထုတ်
Catabolic pathway is _____ and anabolic pathway is _____
downhill
uphill
downhill ကထွက်တဲ့energyကိုuphillမှာသုံး
Energy is ____
capacity to cause change
What is kinetic energy?
energy related to motions of objects
What is thermal energy?
kinetic energy related to random movement of atoms or molecules
Thermal energy transfer from one obj to another is called ____
heat
What is potential energy?
energy of non-moving objects due to its structure or position
What is chemical energy?
potential energy released during chemical reaction
eg.bond formingကထွက်တဲ့energy
Do plants can produce energy?
No
Organisms are energy transformers
Plants—->light energy to chemical energyပြောင်း
Energy transformation that occur in a collection if matter is called _____
thermodynamics
Is there any energy exchange in closed system?
no
closed system cannot exchange energy with surrounding
Is there any energy exchange in open system?
Yes
open system can exchange energy b/w matter and surroundings
Organisms are ____ system and _____
open system
energy transformer
eg.plant use light energy to transform chemical energy
What is First law of thermodynamics?
Energy of the universe is CONSTANT.
Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.
If energy cannot be destroyed,why organisms can’t recycle and used its own energy over and over again?
b/c during energy transformation, most of the unusable energy are converted to thermal energy and released as heat.
In which situation thermal energy can be used in organisms ?
if there is temperature difference,the thermal energy can be used.
If the temperature is uniform,thermal energy is released as heat.
The loss of usable energy as heat increases the ____ of universe.
disorder of molecules in the universe
What is entropy?
measure of molecular disorders or randomness
The more the random arrangements in matter,the ____ the entropy
greater
What is second law of thermodynamics?
Every energy transformation or transfer increases the entropy of the universe.
What is spontaneous process?
Entropy increasing process that can cause on its own without any input of energy.
eg.car rusting
What is non-spontaneous process?
Entropy decreasing process that can happen only when energy is supplied.
(moving of water uphill requires energy
Why non spontaneous process increases the entropy of the universe?
Non-spontaneous process decreases entropy of system but increased the entropy of the whole universe.(the process requires energy)
How living organisms increase the entropy of surrounding?
cells create organized structures from less organized starting materials(energyလို___ပိုတဲ့energyကheatအနေနဲ့surroundingကိုထွက်)
Energy flows into ecosystems as ____ and exits as ____
light
heat
What is the structure of ATP?
Pentose sugar-ribose+ nitrogenous base(adenine)+3 phosphate groups
How is ATP used to perform cellular work?
By exergonic reaction of hydrolysis of ATP and endergonic reaction of ATP donating its phosphate group to another molecule by a process known as phosphorylation
What are three phosphate groups of ATP called?
Alpha,beta and gamma
High energy bonds are between alpha and beta + beta and gamma
Which form of ATP is more unstablized?
Phosphorylated ATP is more unstable
What is the hydrolysis reaction of ATP?
ATP + H20 <————> ADP + Pi + Free Energy
Under cellular reactions, how much energy does hydrolysis of one mole of ATP yield?
-14 kcal/mol
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
The total energy of the universe is constant; the energy cannot be destroyed or created but it can be transferred and transformed.
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Every transfer of energy involves loss of energy, resulting in a more disordered system, thus no energy transfer is efficient.
What kind of energy is resulted in every transfer of energy or transformation
Unusable energy , example heat energy
What is potential energy ?
The energy that has the potential to do work. Chemical bonds of macromolecules have potential energy so that energy is released by the breakdown of these bonds to do work for our body.
What is free energy?
According to the second law of thermodynamics, every transfer of energy result in the loss of energy in the form of unusable energy. Free energy is the measure of the USABLE energy, the energy that is able to do work.
What is the state of equilibrium?
Lowest free energy and highest entropy
What happens to the cells when they reach the state of equilibrium?
They die because they don’t have enough free energy to carry out the functions.
Do cells reach the state of equilibrium?
No, bcuz cells are in open system and obtain the energy from their surroundings and cell cycles alsoreogele the energy from a reaction to another
Why is phosphorylated form of ATP is unstable?
Bcuz phosphate groups have negatively charges and hence repel one another, the repulsion makes ATP unstable.
The negatively charges repel one another, hence requiring energy to bond them together and releasing energy when these bonds are broken
What happens when biological macromolecules are broken?
During a catabolic reaction, some bonds are broken and others are formed, releasing energy and resulting in lower-energy breakdown products.
Organisms are ——- systems
Open system, they receive energy from light or chemical food and transform them to heat and other energy in their surroundings
At the equilibrium , free energy is —— and ——— is maximum
Minimum, entropy
Every energy transformation, decreases the amount of usable energy, true or flase
Yes
The entropy of the organisms ——— as the disorderness of the surroundings ———
Decreases/ increases
Simpler molecules are obtained from the complex molecules breakdown ——> organisms entropy lowers but the breakdown of molecules produces unusable energy and hence increase the entropy of the universe
For delta G to be negative, enthalpy must be ——- and entropy must be ——-
Enthalpy- negative
Entropy- positive
Spontaneous reaction———> decreases the amount of free energy. Therefore, delta G is negative
Delta G= 0. Spontaneous or non- spontaneous
Non spontaneous
What is the standard conditions of the Gibbs free energy ?
pH=7
Temperature= 25 degree Celsius Pressure= 760 mmHg
How is the concentration of ATP restored?
By endergonic reaction of ADP+ Pi, since it is endergonic, it needs energy. That energy comes from the catabolic reactions in the cell such as cellular respiration.
