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Carbohydrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

building blocks of polymer

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2
Q

what is polymer?

A

giant molecule made from monomer

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3
Q

Building polymer from monomer by ——- reaction

A

Condensation

removal of water

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4
Q

General formula of carbohydrates

A

CH2O

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5
Q

Types of carbohydrates

A

1)monosaccharides-simple sugars
2)disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides
3)Oligosaccharides- less than 20 monosaccharides
4)Polysaccharides- above 20 monosaccharides

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6
Q

Monosaccharides are soluble in _____ and insoluble in ______

A

water

organic solvent

*POLAR COMPOUNDS

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7
Q

Common hexoses are

A

glucose
galactose
fractose

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8
Q

Common pentoses are

A

ribose
deoxyribose

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9
Q

Monosaccharides can be _____ or ______

A

Ketone- carbonyl gp(C=O) inside the chain

Aldehyde-carbonyl go at the end of the chain

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10
Q

Both aldose and ketoses are _____ sugars

A

reducing sugar

Benedict’s test(CuSO4 sol)နဲ့စမ်းရင်အရောင်းပြောင်း

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11
Q

When glucose is in ring form, which carbon atoms are joined?

A

Carbon 1 joined to oxygen of carbon 5

Carbon 6 is outside the ring

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12
Q

Monosaccharides molecules contains one _____ gp and many _____ gp

A

one C=O gp (carbonyl)

many -OH gp (hydroxyl)

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13
Q

How can we differentiate alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

by position of -OH gp at carbon 1

if the -OH gp below the ring is alpha glucose

if -OH go above the ring, it is beta sugar

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14
Q

Alpha glucose and beta glucose are_____

A

isomers

alpha glucose-glycogen
beta glucose-cellulose

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15
Q

Glucose is the building block of _____

A

1)glycogen-alpha glucose
2)starch-alpha glucose
3)cellulose-beta glucose

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16
Q

Functions of monosaccharides

A

1)cellular respiration (CH bondsတွေအများကြီးပါလို့breakdownလုပ်ရင်energyအများကြီးထွက်)

2)building blocks for polymers

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17
Q

Ribose is the monomer of____

A

RNA
ATP

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18
Q

Deoxyribose is the monomer of ____

A

DNA

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19
Q

How disaccharides are formed?

A

2 monosaccharides joined by GLYCOSIDIC BOND (carbon 1 and carbon 4)

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20
Q

maltose is formed by binding of ______

A

two alpha-glucose

(malt sugar)

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21
Q

Sucrose is formed by binding of ____

A

alpha glucose + beta fructose

(table sugar,cane sugar,transport sugar in plants)

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22
Q

Lactose is formed by binding of ______

A

alpha glucose + beta galactose

(milk sugar)

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23
Q

Disaccharides can be breakdown into monosaccharides by ______

A

hydrolysis reaction (addition of water)

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24
Q

Maltose and lactose are ______ sugars

A

reducing

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25
Q

Bond in maltose

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

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26
Q

Bond in sucrose

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

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27
Q

Bond in lactose

A

beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

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28
Q

Polysaccharides are sugar.
True or False?

A

False

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29
Q

Is sucrose reducing sugar?

A

No

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30
Q

_____ is used in Benedict’s test

A

Copper(II)sulfate in alkaline solution

(blue)

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31
Q

If sample contains reducing sugar,CuSO4 color is changed into _____

A

blue—->brick red ppt

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32
Q

If sample contains 0.1% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____

A

blue—->green

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33
Q

If sample contains 1% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____

A

blue——>yellow

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34
Q

If sample contains 10% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____

A

blue——>red

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35
Q

If sample contains excess glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____

A

blue—->brick red or brown

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36
Q

How polysaccharides are formed?

A

joining many monosaccharides by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

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37
Q

What are storage polysaccharides?

A

Starch in plants

Glycogen in animals

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38
Q

Why glucose can’t be stored for energy

A

-glucose is soluble so it can effects osmotic activity

-it is also very reactive

39
Q

Starch is a mixture of _____ and _____

A

amylose(25%)

amylopectin(75%)

40
Q

Amylose is formed by joining of many_____

A

alpha glucose

41
Q

Bond in amylose

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

42
Q

Is amylose branched?

A

No

amylose is a long,unbranched chain coiled up into helical structures

43
Q

Amylopectin is formed by joining of many____

A

alpha glucose

44
Q

bond in amylopectin

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond

45
Q

Is amylopectin branched?

A

Yes

amylopectin is short chain and branched by 1,6 linkage

46
Q

Starch are stored in _____

A

chloroplasts
legumes
tubers
seeds

47
Q

Is starch contain in animal cells?

A

No

48
Q

Is starch can be digest in human?

A

Yes

b/c starch is the polymer of alpha glucose and human contains enzyme that can digest alpha glucose

49
Q

How glycogen is formed?

A

joining of many alpha glucose

50
Q

Bonds in glycogen

A

Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond

51
Q

What is difference b/w amylose and amylopectin?

A

amylose is long,unbranched chain

amylopectin is short,branched chain

52
Q

What is difference b/w amylopectin and glycogen?

A

Glycogen is more branched than amylopectin

(can hydrolyzed easily b/c of more branches)

53
Q

Glycogen is mainly stored in _____ cells

A

liver and muscle

54
Q

The presence of starch can be tested by ____ sol

A

iodine

(orange brown—->blue-black)

55
Q

Structural polysaccharides in plant

A

cellulose

56
Q

Cellulose is formed by ____

A

joining of many beta glucose

57
Q

Bond in cellulose

A

Beta glycosidic bond

58
Q

Is cellulose branched?

A

No

59
Q

Why cellulose have very high strength?

A

polymer of beta-glucose

Beta-glucoseမှာဆိုcarbon 1 ရဲ့-OH gpကringအပေါ်မှာရှိ
carbon 4ရဲ့OH gpကringအောက်မှာရှိ

molecule 2လုံးupside downပေါင်းထား—->ကျန်တဲ့OH gpကH တွေကကပ်လျက်ကOကိုhydrogen bondနဲ့လှမ်းပေါင်းထားလို့

60
Q

About 60-70 cellulose are bound to formed____

A

microfibrils which in turn held together by HYDROGEN BOND into fibers

61
Q

Cellulose fibers have very high_____ and _____ permeable

A

tensile strength

freely permeable

62
Q

How dipole is formed?

A

formed b/w covalent bond

When electronegativity elements attract shared paired of electrons to its side.

The element with less electronegativity becomes partial positive charge and more electronegativity becomes partial negative charge.

63
Q

Molecules with the dipole are called____

A

polar coumpound

64
Q

Polar compounds are soluble in water.Why?

A

by forming hydrogen bond(water is also polar)

They are known as hydrophilic

65
Q

Molecules which do not dipole are called ____

A

non polar molecules

66
Q

Non-polar molecules are not soluble in water.Why ?

A

They can’t formed hydrogen bond with water molecules

These are called hydrophobic molecules

67
Q

How glucose and fructose differ?

A

Glucose is aldose sugar

Fructose is ketose sugar

(differ in position of C=O gp)

68
Q

How glucose and ribose differ?

A

Ribose is pentose sugar(C=5)
Glucose is hexose sugar(C=6)

69
Q

Structural polysaccharide in arthropods is called_____

A

chitin

70
Q

How chitin and cellulose differ?

A

Both are polymer of beta glucose but chitin has nitrogen-containing attachments

71
Q

Polymer of alpha glucose

A

Starch-amylose,amylopectin
Glycogen

72
Q

Polymer of beta glucose are _____ polysaccharides and examples

A

Structural polysaccharides

Cellulose
Chitin

73
Q

How are complex molecules formed?

A

Complex molecules are formed by building smaller monomers by reactions called dehydration synthesis reaction. Requires energy.

74
Q

How are polymers broken down?

A

By hydrolysis reaction. Releases energy

75
Q

What is the outer skeleton of insects made of?

A

Made of chitin, a unique nitrogen containing polysaccharide

76
Q

What is the formula of carbohydrate molecule?

A

(CH20)n

C-Carbon
H20-hydrate

77
Q

How many carbon atoms are there in a monosaccharide?

What are monosaccharides?

A

3 to 7 carbon atoms.

Simplest form of carbohydrates cannot be broken down into simpler units .

78
Q

How many categories are there in a monosaccharide

A

Two.

Aldose and ketose

79
Q

Glucose and mannose
Glucose and galactose
Name the anomeric carbon.

A

Glucose and mannose are epimers at C2.

Glucose and galactose are epimers at C4

Glucose’s no 3 carbon ——> OH-C-H

Fructose’s anomeric carbon - C2.

80
Q

What are disaccharides. Give examples.

A

Composed of two monosaccharide units,

Sucrose- glucose+ fructose.
(Alpha1,2 glycosidic bond)

Lactose-glucose and galactose.
(Beta 1,4 glycosidic bond)

Maltose- 2 glucose.
(Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond)

81
Q

Name the bond between disaccharides or polyssacharrides?

A

Glycosidic bond

82
Q

Describe the composition of starch.

A

Amylose and amylopectin

Amylose - unbranched- alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

Amylopectin-branched- alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond

83
Q

Where is Starch stored in plants?

A

Starch is stored in plastids within chloroplasts.

Plants absorb energy to make glucose, excess is stored as starch in roots and seeds, from which they germinate as fruits

84
Q

What enzyme is used to break down starch?

A

Amylose

85
Q

What structure is glycogen similar in structure?

A

Similar to amylopectin but highly branched.

86
Q

When the blood glucose level is down, starch is broken down to release energy . True or false?

A

False. Starch present only in plants, consumed by people

When glucose is low, glycogen is broken down by glycogenolysis to supply glucose

87
Q

Where are cellulose present and what bonds are composed in cellulose ?

A

Cellulose is present in cell walls of the plants and made of beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

88
Q

What are fungi cell walls made up of?

A

Fungi cell walls are made up of chitin instead of cellulose.
Fungi are not classified as plants. They are in the domain Eukarya. But they do not have chloroplasts.

Chitin- repeating units of N acetyl d glucosamine

89
Q

Can cellulose be digested by mammals?

A

Human do not contain enzymes that can digest beta 1,4 linkages . Therefore, vegetables bulk up and prevent constipation in the intestine

90
Q

What is the main form of storage carbohydrate in animals?

Is it soluble in water?

A

Glycogen No. Glycogen has many branches so can be easily broken down into energy

Main storage fuel in blood - glucose ( soluble in water )

91
Q

How is amylopectin formed?

A

By joining alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.

Has many branches so can be broken down easily .

Amylose- fibrous amylopectin- spherical

Both are soluble but way too large to be soluble in water

92
Q

What is the Benedict’s test

A

The ability of some sugar to carry out reduction. Many sugars are reducing sugar ( SUCROSE NON-REDUCING SUGAR).

Benedict’s test - blue to red changed

93
Q

Why is glucose converted to polysaccharides?

A

If glucose accumulates in the cell, it would affect the osmotic properties of the cell.

94
Q

Are carbohydrates polar?

A

Yes. Presence of O-H groups . Sugar soluble in water.
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water

But starch, glycogen and cellulose are poorly soluble in water.

Biology (16 decks)

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