Carbohydrates Flashcards
What is a monomer?
building blocks of polymer
what is polymer?
giant molecule made from monomer
Building polymer from monomer by ——- reaction
Condensation
removal of water
General formula of carbohydrates
CH2O
Types of carbohydrates
1)monosaccharides-simple sugars
2)disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides
3)Oligosaccharides- less than 20 monosaccharides
4)Polysaccharides- above 20 monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are soluble in _____ and insoluble in ______
water
organic solvent
*POLAR COMPOUNDS
Common hexoses are
glucose
galactose
fractose
Common pentoses are
ribose
deoxyribose
Monosaccharides can be _____ or ______
Ketone- carbonyl gp(C=O) inside the chain
Aldehyde-carbonyl go at the end of the chain
Both aldose and ketoses are _____ sugars
reducing sugar
Benedict’s test(CuSO4 sol)နဲ့စမ်းရင်အရောင်းပြောင်း
When glucose is in ring form, which carbon atoms are joined?
Carbon 1 joined to oxygen of carbon 5
Carbon 6 is outside the ring
Monosaccharides molecules contains one _____ gp and many _____ gp
one C=O gp (carbonyl)
many -OH gp (hydroxyl)
How can we differentiate alpha glucose and beta glucose?
by position of -OH gp at carbon 1
if the -OH gp below the ring is alpha glucose
if -OH go above the ring, it is beta sugar
Alpha glucose and beta glucose are_____
isomers
alpha glucose-glycogen
beta glucose-cellulose
Glucose is the building block of _____
1)glycogen-alpha glucose
2)starch-alpha glucose
3)cellulose-beta glucose
Functions of monosaccharides
1)cellular respiration (CH bondsတွေအများကြီးပါလို့breakdownလုပ်ရင်energyအများကြီးထွက်)
2)building blocks for polymers
Ribose is the monomer of____
RNA
ATP
Deoxyribose is the monomer of ____
DNA
How disaccharides are formed?
2 monosaccharides joined by GLYCOSIDIC BOND (carbon 1 and carbon 4)
maltose is formed by binding of ______
two alpha-glucose
(malt sugar)
Sucrose is formed by binding of ____
alpha glucose + beta fructose
(table sugar,cane sugar,transport sugar in plants)
Lactose is formed by binding of ______
alpha glucose + beta galactose
(milk sugar)
Disaccharides can be breakdown into monosaccharides by ______
hydrolysis reaction (addition of water)
Maltose and lactose are ______ sugars
reducing
Bond in maltose
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
Bond in sucrose
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
Bond in lactose
beta 1,4 glycosidic bond
Polysaccharides are sugar.
True or False?
False
Is sucrose reducing sugar?
No
_____ is used in Benedict’s test
Copper(II)sulfate in alkaline solution
(blue)
If sample contains reducing sugar,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue—->brick red ppt
If sample contains 0.1% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue—->green
If sample contains 1% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue——>yellow
If sample contains 10% of glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue——>red
If sample contains excess glucose,CuSO4 color is changed into _____
blue—->brick red or brown
How polysaccharides are formed?
joining many monosaccharides by GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
What are storage polysaccharides?
Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals
Why glucose can’t be stored for energy
-glucose is soluble so it can effects osmotic activity
-it is also very reactive
Starch is a mixture of _____ and _____
amylose(25%)
amylopectin(75%)
Amylose is formed by joining of many_____
alpha glucose
Bond in amylose
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
Is amylose branched?
No
amylose is a long,unbranched chain coiled up into helical structures
Amylopectin is formed by joining of many____
alpha glucose
bond in amylopectin
alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond
Is amylopectin branched?
Yes
amylopectin is short chain and branched by 1,6 linkage
Starch are stored in _____
chloroplasts
legumes
tubers
seeds
Is starch contain in animal cells?
No
Is starch can be digest in human?
Yes
b/c starch is the polymer of alpha glucose and human contains enzyme that can digest alpha glucose
How glycogen is formed?
joining of many alpha glucose
Bonds in glycogen
Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond
What is difference b/w amylose and amylopectin?
amylose is long,unbranched chain
amylopectin is short,branched chain
What is difference b/w amylopectin and glycogen?
Glycogen is more branched than amylopectin
(can hydrolyzed easily b/c of more branches)
Glycogen is mainly stored in _____ cells
liver and muscle
The presence of starch can be tested by ____ sol
iodine
(orange brown—->blue-black)
Structural polysaccharides in plant
cellulose
Cellulose is formed by ____
joining of many beta glucose
Bond in cellulose
Beta glycosidic bond
Is cellulose branched?
No
Why cellulose have very high strength?
polymer of beta-glucose
Beta-glucoseမှာဆိုcarbon 1 ရဲ့-OH gpကringအပေါ်မှာရှိ
carbon 4ရဲ့OH gpကringအောက်မှာရှိ
molecule 2လုံးupside downပေါင်းထား—->ကျန်တဲ့OH gpကH တွေကကပ်လျက်ကOကိုhydrogen bondနဲ့လှမ်းပေါင်းထားလို့
About 60-70 cellulose are bound to formed____
microfibrils which in turn held together by HYDROGEN BOND into fibers
Cellulose fibers have very high_____ and _____ permeable
tensile strength
freely permeable
How dipole is formed?
formed b/w covalent bond
When electronegativity elements attract shared paired of electrons to its side.
The element with less electronegativity becomes partial positive charge and more electronegativity becomes partial negative charge.
Molecules with the dipole are called____
polar coumpound
Polar compounds are soluble in water.Why?
by forming hydrogen bond(water is also polar)
They are known as hydrophilic
Molecules which do not dipole are called ____
non polar molecules
Non-polar molecules are not soluble in water.Why ?
They can’t formed hydrogen bond with water molecules
These are called hydrophobic molecules
How glucose and fructose differ?
Glucose is aldose sugar
Fructose is ketose sugar
(differ in position of C=O gp)
How glucose and ribose differ?
Ribose is pentose sugar(C=5)
Glucose is hexose sugar(C=6)
Structural polysaccharide in arthropods is called_____
chitin
How chitin and cellulose differ?
Both are polymer of beta glucose but chitin has nitrogen-containing attachments
Polymer of alpha glucose
Starch-amylose,amylopectin
Glycogen
Polymer of beta glucose are _____ polysaccharides and examples
Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose
Chitin
How are complex molecules formed?
Complex molecules are formed by building smaller monomers by reactions called dehydration synthesis reaction. Requires energy.
How are polymers broken down?
By hydrolysis reaction. Releases energy
What is the outer skeleton of insects made of?
Made of chitin, a unique nitrogen containing polysaccharide
What is the formula of carbohydrate molecule?
(CH20)n
C-Carbon
H20-hydrate
How many carbon atoms are there in a monosaccharide?
What are monosaccharides?
3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Simplest form of carbohydrates cannot be broken down into simpler units .
How many categories are there in a monosaccharide
Two.
Aldose and ketose
Glucose and mannose
Glucose and galactose
Name the anomeric carbon.
Glucose and mannose are epimers at C2.
Glucose and galactose are epimers at C4
Glucose’s no 3 carbon ——> OH-C-H
Fructose’s anomeric carbon - C2.
What are disaccharides. Give examples.
Composed of two monosaccharide units,
Sucrose- glucose+ fructose.
(Alpha1,2 glycosidic bond)
Lactose-glucose and galactose.
(Beta 1,4 glycosidic bond)
Maltose- 2 glucose.
(Alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond)
Name the bond between disaccharides or polyssacharrides?
Glycosidic bond
Describe the composition of starch.
Amylose and amylopectin
Amylose - unbranched- alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond
Amylopectin-branched- alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond
Where is Starch stored in plants?
Starch is stored in plastids within chloroplasts.
Plants absorb energy to make glucose, excess is stored as starch in roots and seeds, from which they germinate as fruits
What enzyme is used to break down starch?
Amylose
What structure is glycogen similar in structure?
Similar to amylopectin but highly branched.
When the blood glucose level is down, starch is broken down to release energy . True or false?
False. Starch present only in plants, consumed by people
When glucose is low, glycogen is broken down by glycogenolysis to supply glucose
Where are cellulose present and what bonds are composed in cellulose ?
Cellulose is present in cell walls of the plants and made of beta 1,4 glycosidic bond
What are fungi cell walls made up of?
Fungi cell walls are made up of chitin instead of cellulose.
Fungi are not classified as plants. They are in the domain Eukarya. But they do not have chloroplasts.
Chitin- repeating units of N acetyl d glucosamine
Can cellulose be digested by mammals?
Human do not contain enzymes that can digest beta 1,4 linkages . Therefore, vegetables bulk up and prevent constipation in the intestine
What is the main form of storage carbohydrate in animals?
Is it soluble in water?
Glycogen No. Glycogen has many branches so can be easily broken down into energy
Main storage fuel in blood - glucose ( soluble in water )
How is amylopectin formed?
By joining alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.
Has many branches so can be broken down easily .
Amylose- fibrous amylopectin- spherical
Both are soluble but way too large to be soluble in water
What is the Benedict’s test
The ability of some sugar to carry out reduction. Many sugars are reducing sugar ( SUCROSE NON-REDUCING SUGAR).
Benedict’s test - blue to red changed
Why is glucose converted to polysaccharides?
If glucose accumulates in the cell, it would affect the osmotic properties of the cell.
Are carbohydrates polar?
Yes. Presence of O-H groups . Sugar soluble in water.
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water
But starch, glycogen and cellulose are poorly soluble in water.
