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Cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Light microscope use _____ as source of radiation

A

light

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2
Q

Electron microscope use ____ as source of radiation

A

electrons

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3
Q

Similarities b/w plant cells and animal cells

A

-cell membrane
-nucleus—->chromatin—->DNA—->nucleolus
-cytoplasm
-organelles(mitochondria & Golgi)

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4
Q

The organelle that contains in only animal cells but lacks in plant cells is

A

Centriole-cell division mhr pr

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5
Q

Organelles that contains in only in plants cells

A

1)cell wall
2)plasmodesmata(plant cellမှာ neighboring cellsတွေကိုlinkလုပ်ပေး)
3)vacuoles (animal cellsမှာပါပေမဲ့ it’s not permanent)
4)Chloroplasts-chlorophyll

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6
Q

In plant cell,vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called____

A

tonoplast

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7
Q

Which cell is bigger?

plant cell or animal cell?

A

plant cells

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8
Q

Cell walls are ______ permeable and cell membrane is ______ permeable

A

cell wall-freely permeable

cell membrane-partially permeable

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9
Q

Image obtained by electron microscope are true-colour.

True or false?

A

false

they’re false-colour (stainလုပ်ထားတဲ့အပိုင်းတွေကပိုdarkဖြစ်)

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10
Q

Only _____ material is examined by electron microscope.

A

dead

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11
Q

Glycogen are present in cytoplasm.
True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Why electron microscope have better resolution?

A

b/c electrons has very short wavelength

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13
Q

The _____ membrane of nucleus is continuous with ______

A

outer

ER

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14
Q

Nucleus is _____ organelle and it is surrounded by ______

A

Largest organelles

double membrane called nuclear envelope

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15
Q

What are nuclear pores and their function?

A

nuclear pores are small pores on nuclear envelope

func-exchange of material b/w cytoplasm and nucleus

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16
Q

in nucleus,chromosomes are loosely coiled into _____

A

chromatin

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17
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

ribosome synthesis (esp: rRNA)

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18
Q

Chromosome contain ____

A

DNA

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19
Q

Difference b/w rough ER and Smooth ER

A

Rough ER contains ribosomes in its membrane and smooth ER lacks ribosome

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20
Q

Function of ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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21
Q

Structure of ribosome

A

large and small subunit

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22
Q

Ribosome is made of _____ and _____

A

rRNA and protein

rRNA-ribosomal RNA

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23
Q

Functions of smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids and steroids. (cholesterol,and reproductive hormones like testosterone and estrogen)

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24
Q

Function of Golgi body

A

Protein modification and transport

(eg.Golgi vesicles are also used to make lysosomes)

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25
Q

Structure of lysosome

A

spherical sac surrounded by a single membrane and no internal structure

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26
Q

Lysosome contains_____

A

digestive (hydrolytic) ensymes

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27
Q

Function of lysosome

A

-breakdown of macromolecules
-autophagy of organelles
-autolysis pf damaged cells or organelles
-breakdown of unwanted organelles such as old ones or whole cells

eg.mammary glands after lactation

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28
Q

In WBC, lysosomes are used to digest____

A

bacteria by PHAGOCYTOSIS

phagocytosis-cell eating

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29
Q

Heads of sperm contains____ for ____

A

acrosome (specialized lysosome)

for digesting path to egg

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30
Q

Cell structure that are surrounded by double membrane

A

1)nucleus
2)mitochondria
3)Chloroplasts

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31
Q

The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into _____

A

cristae

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32
Q

The outer membrane of mitochondria contains ______

A

transport protein called porin

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33
Q

Membrane permeability of mitochondria

A

Outer membrane-less selective

Inner membrane-more selective

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34
Q

Which cells contains many mitochondria?

A

Cell with high demand of energy
(eg.liver and muscle cells)

**RBC do not contains mitochondria **

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35
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

-ATP synthesis
-lipid synthesis

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36
Q

ATP is _____ molecule sound in all living cells

A

energy-carrying

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37
Q

Aerobic respiration takes place in _____ of mitochondria

A

inner membrane and matrix

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38
Q

Mitochondria contains ribosomes.

True or false?

A

True

The chloroplast and mitochondria contains smaller(70S) ribosomes while cytoplasmic ribosomes is larger (80S).

Bacteria contain 70S ribosomes

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39
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contains DNA.

True or false?

A

True

It contains small circular DNA like bacteria

(mitochondrial DNA-maternal DNA)

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40
Q

Microtubule structures

A

long, rigid , hollow tubes found in cytoplasm

(microtubule+actin+intermediate filament—->cytoskeleton)

cytoskeleton maintain cell shape.

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41
Q

Microtubules is made up of _____ protein.

A

Tubulin- alpha and beta tubulin

(alpha+beta—>dimer)
dimerတွေအများကြီးပေါင်းထား—->protofilaments

Microtubulesကိုcross sectionဖြတ်ရင် 13 protofilamentsရှိ

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42
Q

Centrioles contains _____ of microtubules

A

nine triplets

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43
Q

Centrioles are found at base of _____

A

cilia and flagella

acts as microtubule organizing centres

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44
Q

Chloroplasts are surrounded by _____

A

double membrane

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45
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate independently during cell division.

True or false?

A

True

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46
Q

Main function of chloroplast and shape

A

photosynthesis

shape-lens-shaped

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47
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts contains their own protein synthetic machinery.

True or False?

A

True

They contains circular DNA and 70S ribosome

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48
Q

Prokaryotic cells lacks ____ and _____contains ____ ribosomes.
Their DNA structure

A

Lacks nucleus

lacks membrane bound organelles

70S ribosomes

DNA (circular & lies naked in cytoplasm)

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49
Q

Eukaryotic cells contains ____ and _____contains ____ ribosomes.
Their DNA structure

A

-Nucleus
-membrane bound organelles
-80S ribosomes
-DNA(linear and lied within the nucleus (protein bound DNA)

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50
Q

Source of radiation for light microscope and electron microscope

A

L- light

E- electron

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51
Q

Lenses that used in light microscope and electron microscope

A

L-glass

E-electromagnets

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52
Q

Specimen for light microscope and electron microscope

A

L-living, nonliving or dead

E-nonliving or dead

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53
Q

Stains used for light microscope and electron microscope

A

L-colored dyes

E-heavy metals

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54
Q

Images of light microscope and electron microscope

A

L-colored

E-B & W

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55
Q

Organelles with no membrane

A

1)Nucleolus
2)ribosome
3)centrioles
4)centrosomes
5)microtubules

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56
Q

Organelles with a single membrane

A

1)RER
2)SER
3)Lysosomes
4)Golgi

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57
Q

SEM shows ______

A

3D image of surface of specimen

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58
Q

TEM shows______

A

internal structure of the cell

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59
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

separation of cell’s major organelles and other sub-cellular structures

is carried out by CENTRIFUGE

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60
Q

Which type of microscope is used to study
1)internal structure of plant cells and
2)fluorescently labeled nervous tissue?

A

1)Transmission electron microscope

2)Light microscope

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61
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes
1)Bacteria
2)Archaea

Eukaryotes
1)Animal
2)Plants
3)Fungi
4)Protists (unicellular eukaryotes)

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62
Q

Similarities b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

1)cell membrane
2)cytosol
3)DNA
4)Ribosomes

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63
Q

Difference b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

1)Location of DNA
Pro-nucleoid (circular DNA)
Eu-Nucleus (linear DNA)

2)size Eu>pro

3)Organelles
Pro-no
Eu-yes

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64
Q

Size of smallest bacteria, typical bacteria and eukaryotic cells

A

Smallest bacteria: 0.1-1 micrometers
Typical bacteria: 1-5 micrometers
Eukaryotic cells: 10-100 micrometers

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65
Q

All cells have nucleus. True or false?

A

False

RBC do not have nucleus but skeletal muscle have multinucleus

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66
Q

Function of Nucleus

A

-stores genetic information
-controls and coordinates the cell

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67
Q

Nucleus is surrounded by _____

A

double membrane called nuclear envelope

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68
Q

The outer membrane of nuclear envelope contains ____ and inner membrane contain_____

A

Ribosome

Protein Lamina

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69
Q

Function of Nuclear Lamina

A

Nuclear lamina aka intermediate filament

Func:maintain the shape of nucleus &
breakdown and assembly of nuclear envelope

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70
Q

Nucleoplasm is_____

A

cytoplasm inside nucleus and site of metabolic reactions

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71
Q

Chromatin is complex of ____ and _____

A

DNA and histone protein

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72
Q

Types of chromatin

A

1)Euchromatin(loose)- centre of the nucleus

2)Heterochromatin(tight)- near inner membrane

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73
Q

Ribosomes are synthesized in _____ but only functions in _____

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

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74
Q

What is 70S ribosome?

A

ribosome found in prokaryotes (as well as in mitochondria and chloroplasts)

rRNA(30%) + protein(40%)——>70S

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75
Q

What is 80S ribosome?

A

ribosome contains in eukaryotes

rRNA(60%) + protein (40%)—-> 80S

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76
Q

What are 4 binding site for ribosome?

A

one for mRNA
and three for tRNA(A,P,E)

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77
Q

Types of ribosome

A

1)Free ribosomes-cytosol
2)Bound ribosomes-bound to RER and nuclear envelope
3)Polyribosomes
4)70S in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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78
Q

Proteins synthesized from free ribosomes are used ______

A

mainly within the cell

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79
Q

Proteins synthesized from bound ribosomes are used ______

A

for secretion and for lysosomes

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80
Q

RER member is continuous with______ and _______

A

outer membrane of nuclear envelope

SER

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81
Q

ER membrane is physically interconnected.True or False?

A

True

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82
Q

Golgi membranes are physically interconnected.True or False?

A

False

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83
Q

Structure of RER

A

sac-like structures (cristernae)
contains ribosomes on surface

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84
Q

Structure of SER

A

tubular structure
no ribosomes on surface

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85
Q

Function of RER

A

1)Protein synthesis
2)Protein Folding
3)Glycosylation( glycoproteinပေါင်း)
4)Packaging (transport vesicles နဲ့ RERဆီပို့)

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86
Q

Why pancreatic cells contains many ribosomes?

A

b/c the pancreatic cells produces many proteins

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87
Q

Function of SER

A

1)Glucose metabolism
2)Lipid synthesis____steroid hormones synthesis sites
3)Detoxification of drugs and poisons___liver cells
4)Stores Ca2+__muscle cells

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88
Q

Region of Golgi

A

1)cis face-receive vesicles from RER and SER products
2)modification and sorting
3)trans face-transport vesicles

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89
Q

Golgi manufactures ______

A

some polysaccharides

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90
Q

Lysosomes contains

A

HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
1)Proteases-protein breakdown
2)Lipases-Lipid breakdown
3)Nucleases-Nucleic acid breakdown
4)Glycosidases-Carbohydrates breakdown

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91
Q

enzymes of lysosomes show greatest performance in ____

A

acidic environment

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92
Q

Both hydrolytic enzymes and lysosome membranes are synthesized by

A

RER—>Golgi—>lysosome

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93
Q

Types of vacuoles

A

1)Food vacuoles
2)Contractile vacuoles
3)Sap vacuole
4)Air vacuole

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94
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Stores water and mineral
Maintain hydrostatic pressure (turgor)

in plant,central vacuole plays major role in growth of plant cells

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95
Q

In plant,solution inside the central vacuole is called

A

cell sap

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96
Q

Why is endosymbiont theory?

A

eukaryotic cells engulfing an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cells

(cells living within another cell)

97
Q

Why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered as endosymbiosis organelles?

A

1)They are bound by double membrane
2)They contain circular DNA and 70S DNA like prokaryotes
3)They are autonomous (independently grow and reproduce within the cell)

98
Q

Mitochondrial matrix contain_____ and _____

A

enzymes

mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

99
Q

In chloroplast, DNA and ribosomes are contained in_____

A

stroma, the fluid inside chloroplats

100
Q

What is thylakoid?

A

Interconnected disc-shaped sacs within the chloroplast

101
Q

Thylakoids are stacked into ____ and are suspended in_____

A

Grana

Stroma

102
Q

Structure of peroxisome

A

spherical shaped organelle surrounded by a single membrane

103
Q

Peroxisomes contains _____ enzymes

A

oxidative enzymes (eg.oxidases and catalases)

104
Q

How H2O2 is produced in peroxisomes?

A

enzymes removes H2 from substances and transfers it to O2 to form H2O2 as byproduct

But H2O2 is toxic and it is then converted into water by catalases

105
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

1)oxidation
2)fatty acid oxidation (esp:beta)
3)Lipid synthesis
4)Alcohol breakdown in liver

106
Q

Enzymes contained in peroxisomes are made from_____

A

free ribosome

107
Q

Lysosomal enzymes are made from _____

A

bound ribosomes of REr

108
Q

What is cytoskeleton?

A

a network of fibers in cytoplasm

109
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules-thickest
Microfilament-thinnest
Intermediate filament

110
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Support-mechanical support and maintenance of cell shape
Cell motility-change in cell location and movements of cell parts

111
Q

Cell motility can be carried by interaction b/w ____ and _____

A

cytoskeleton
motor proteins

112
Q

Structure and Proteins that made up microtubules

A

Structure-hollow tube

Globular protein called Tubulin
Tubulin-a dimer containing 2 subunits (alpha and beta)

113
Q

Structure and Proteins that made up microfilaments

A

Structure-thin solid strands

Globular proteins called actin(2 strands ပါ)
strands are twisted

114
Q

Structure and Proteins that made up Intermediate filaments

A

Structure-cable shaped

Fibrous proteins (Keratin)

115
Q

Is all 3 types of filaments are found in all eukaryotic cells

A

No
Microtubules and microfilaments are found in all eukaryotic cells
but intermediate filament are found in some animal cells(vertebrates)

116
Q

Microtubules contains 2 ends, which ends can accumulate or release dimer at higher rate than other end?

A

Plus end

117
Q

Microtubules grow in length by adding_____

A

tubulin dimer at plus end

118
Q

Function of microtubule

A

1)maintain cell shape and intracellulat movement (compression bearing)
2)Separation of chromatids in cell division(centriolesကလုပ်)
3)Cell extension(eg.cilia and flagella)

119
Q

Microtubules grow from _____

A

centrosome(near nucleus)

animal cells only

120
Q

Centrosomes contains____

A

a pair of centrioles

121
Q

Flagella and cilia is differ in ____

A

beating pattern

122
Q

What is motile cilia and non motile cilia?

A

Motile cilia-present many in cell surface
Non motile cilia-present as a signal receiving antenna and contains only one

123
Q

What is difference b/w cilia and flagella ?

A

flagella -longer than cilia, only one
Cilia-short,many on surface

124
Q

Structure of microtubules in motile cilia and flagella

A

9+2 arrangement——>9 doublet arranged in ring and 2 single at center

(9 outer and 2 centre is joined by cross-linking proteins)
(9 is interconnection by dyneins motor proteins)

125
Q

Structure of microtubules in nonmotile cilia

A

9+0

9 outer microtubules + 0 at center

126
Q

Function of microfilaments

A

1)support cell shape(tension bearing)
2)Cell motility(actin+myosin->contraction)
3)Cytoplasmic streaming(plant cells,circular flow of cytoplasm within cells)
4)cytokinesis of mitosis
5)Phagocytosis of WBC

127
Q

After cell die ,is all filaments remains in the cells?

A

No
only intermediate filament remains

128
Q

Function of intermediate filament

A

1)Formation of Nuclear lamina
2)Support cell shape(tension)
3)anchorage
cell-cell
cell-ECF
cell-organelles
nucleus-organelles

129
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Protects cells
maintain cell shape
prevents excess water intake

130
Q

which is thicker?
plant cell wall or plasma membrane

A

cell wall

131
Q

Cell wall is made up of ______

A

microfibrils synthesized from cellulose (cellulose synthase)

132
Q

A young plant cells secretes thin and flexible ______

A

primary cell wall

133
Q

B/w primary wall of adjacent cells is called ____ and contains sticky polysaccharide called_____

A

middle lamella

pectins(glue adjacent cells)

134
Q

When plants mature and stops growing,it secretes _______

A

secondary cell wall(more strength)

135
Q

Extracellular matrix mainly contains_____

A

glycoproteins (proteins with short chains carbohydrates)

136
Q

Most abundant glycoprotein in ECM of animal cells is_____

A

Collagen

137
Q

Collagen are embedded in network of _____

A

proteoglycans

138
Q

What is proteoglycan complex?

A

core proteinsမှာshort carbohydrates တွေအများကြီးပေါင်းနေ_____အဲ့core proteinsတွေအကုန်လုံးကsingle polysaccharide strandတခုမှာသွားပေါင်း

139
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

glycoproteins which are attached to ECM

140
Q

Fibronectin and other cell surface receptors are attached to ______ protein

A

intergrin proteins-cell surface receptor proteins built in plasma membrane

141
Q

Cytoplasm of adjacent cells in plant calls are connected by ______

A

plasmodesmata

142
Q

Types of cell junctions in animal cells

A

1)Tight junctions
2)Desmosomes
3)Gap Junctions

143
Q

All 3 types of cells junctions are common in_____

A

epithelial tissue

144
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

impermeable junctions
(prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space)

145
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

anchoring junctions that binds adjacent cells

146
Q

What are Gap junctions?

A

allows for intercellular communication (membrane ကနေဖြစ်တာမဟုတ် contains channels)

147
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall is composed of

A

peptidoglycan

148
Q

Eukaryotic cell wall is composed of

A

cellulose

149
Q

Which is bigger animal cells or plant cells

A

Plant cells- 10 to 100 micrometer Animal cells- 5 to 30 micrometer

150
Q

Cell size prokaryotic and eukaryotic which is bigger

A

Eukaryotic cells

151
Q

From the largest to lowest

Nucleus mitochondria chloroplast Golgi ER lysosome virus E coli plasma membrane ribosomes egg sperm

A

Egg——> sperm——>RBC——>nucleus——>chloroplasts—— >mitochondria ——>ER——>Golgi——>Ecoli——> lysosome—>virus ——>ribosomes——> plasma membrane———> width of DNA molecules

Mitochondria’s size is 1 to 5 Micrometer

Some bacteria are larger than mitochondria

152
Q

Why do cells need to divide?

A

Surface area growth is slower than the volume growth

Insufficient plasma membrane not enough materials at the center therefore cells divide

153
Q

Do light microscopes and electron microscope kill cells?

A

Yes. Light microscope- stains kill cells Electron microscope-kill cells too

154
Q

Structures that are contained in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. DNA
  3. Cytoplasm

Can carry out protein synthesis

155
Q

In bacteria where is genetic materials stored?

A

Stored in nucleiod-membraneless organelles

Also stored in plasmids- floating in cytoplasm

156
Q

Does bacteria contain cell wall?

A

Yes made of peptidoglycans, also contain pilli and flagella

157
Q

Extent in which light microscope can view and its magnification?

A

0.2 micrometer or 200 nanometer and its magnification 1000 times actual size

158
Q

What kinds of lens both light and electron microscopes use?

A

Electromagnets lens

159
Q

The image under microscope is———

A

Inverted. Left——> right
Right——>left

160
Q

What is resolving power

A

The ability to see two separate points clearly

161
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

  • Membrane bound organelles present
  • DNA- multiple linear chromosome
  • Multicellular
    -DNA is protein bound
    -Reproduced by sexual repiration

Prokaryotes

  • Membrane bound organelles absent -DNA - single circular chromosomes -Unicellular
  • DNA is naked
  • Binary fission reproduction
162
Q

What are membrane bound organelles

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria
  3. ER
  4. Golgi
  5. Vacuoles and vesicles
  6. Lysosome
  7. Plastids -chloroplasts and small organelles in plants
163
Q

Both DNA of eukaryotes and prokaryotes are double stranded. T or F

A

T

164
Q

Smallest bacteria named mycoplasma size and largest bacteria size

A

Smallest- 0.1 to 1 micrometer
Largest - 1 micrometer

Some bacteria are larger than mitochondria Some are smaller v]

165
Q

Larger organisms have larger cells than smaller ones . T or F

A

F.
They only have more cells.

166
Q

Protists eu or pro?

A

Eu

167
Q

What types of organism are prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea

168
Q

Components of bacteria

A
  1. DNA in nucleoid
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell wall
  4. Plasma membrane
  5. Pilli
  6. Flagella
  7. Ribosomes
  8. Capsules
  9. Plasmids
169
Q

Largest organelles in a plant

A

Central vacuole——> nucleus——> chloroplasts

170
Q

Largest organelles in an animal

A

Nucleus—-> centrioles——> mitochondria

171
Q

Cytoplasm also contain ———- in addition to water

A

Enzymes, proteins, macromolecules and ions

172
Q

Nucleus components

A

Nucleolus- synthesize rRNA for ribosome synthesis

Nuclear pores- allow entry of proteins and RNA, rRNA leaves the nucleus to the cytoplasm through the pores

Nuclear lamina- filaments maintain the shape of the nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Nucleoplasm - cytoplasm

173
Q

Under what conditions , is the chromatin visible under the light microscope ?

A

Chromosomes coil and become thick enough to be seen as the cell prepare to divide

When a cell is not dividing, chromosomes cannot be distinguished

174
Q

Subunits of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes

A

Eu- 40 S subunit+ 60 S subunits

Pro- 30S subunit+ 50 S subunits

175
Q

Func of free and attached ribosomes

A

Free- enz to catalyze in the cytoplasm such as first step of sugar breakdown

Attached - destined proteins into membrane and packaging by endomembrane system

176
Q

Ribosomes are present in pro. T or F

A

T

177
Q

Where is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

A

From the mother’s side

178
Q

What types of organelles have their own ribosomes?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

MT and CP also have DNA similar to bacterial DNA, small and circular. Endosymbiosis

179
Q

Cellular respiration takes place in the ———

A

Inner membrane cristae of the mitochondria

180
Q

Mitochondria has ——- membranes

A

Outer and inner / double layer

181
Q

What organelles reduce H202

A

Perioxisomes

Have enzymes to remove H2 from substrates and trensfer them to O2 to produce H2O2. But the organelles also contain enzymes h2o2 to water and oxygen or other molecules

182
Q

Describes the structures that are not present in plants cells

A

Lysosomes and centrioles

Digestion take place in the vacuoles of the plant cells

183
Q

Describe the sturctures present in the plant cells but not in animal cells

A

Cell wall
Plastids and chloroplasts
Central vacuole

184
Q

Lysosome pH is ——— than that of the cytoplasm

A

Lower. More acidic

Large burst of many lysosomes ——> cell self digestion

185
Q

How many types of vacuoles are there?

A

Contractile vacuole-pump excess water out of the cell thereby maintaining a suitable conc of ions and molecules inside the cell.

Food vacuole- phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Lysosome vacuole- enzymatic hydrolysis

Some plant vacuoles contain pigments

186
Q

Autophagy

A

An enzyme to recycle the cell’s own materials , a damaged organelles or molecule get surrounded by lysosome , and fuse and the resulting small organic molecules are used for reuse

187
Q

Tay sach disease is due to the lack of ———

A

Lipid digesting enzyme present in lysosome
The brain becomes impaired by an accumulation of lipids in the cells

188
Q

Chloroplast structure

A

Double layer membrane
Thylakoid - membranous system fluid filled Stacks of thylakoids - granum

Light dependent reaction of photosynthesis takes place in the thylakoid membrane

Stroma- remaining fluid membrane other than the thylakoid

Light independent reaction of = photosynthesis takes place in the stroma

Also contain small, circular DNA and ribosomes

189
Q

Which organelles are developed from endosymbiosis?

A

Scientists believe mitochondria and chloroplasts are once used to be microbiomes, that enter the organisms and survive as they are not destroyed by the host cells.

They contain
1. Double layer membrane
2. Small, circular DNA like the bacteria
3. Its own ribosomes to synthesize proteins
4. They both are autonomous , organelles that grow and reproduce within the cells

190
Q

Func of central vacuole

A

Present in plants only Osmoregulation.

No water for days——> soil water less than plant cells water—-> water down to the soil—-> wit

Water——> soil water greater——> water travel up the cell——> expansion

191
Q

Difference between vacuoles and vesicles

A

Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane , vacuoles do not Vacuoles are larger than vesicles

192
Q

Cellular respiration stages where they take place

A

Glycolysis- cytoplasm
CAC- matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation - inner mitochondria membrane

193
Q

Numbers of mitochondria depends on the type of cells

A

Yes.

194
Q

———— cells do not have mitochondria

A

Rbc

195
Q

Components of endomembrane system

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. ER
  4. Golgi
  5. Vesicles and vacuoles

Endomembrane system do not contain membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts

196
Q

——— accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotes

A

ER

197
Q

Func of rough ER

A

Ribosomes- protein
Proteins and lipids of plasma membrane synthesis
Modification of proteins

198
Q

Func of smooth ER

A
  1. Detoxification in liver cells
  2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores Ca ions
  3. Produce lipids such as oil, steroids hormones and plasma membrane
199
Q

Cells that secrete steroid hormones such as adrenal glands are rich in ———

A

Smooth ER

200
Q

Detoxification in the liver in done by———

A

Addition of hydroxyl group to make the molecule polar easier to flush from the body

201
Q

Cells that engage in a great deal of secretion presents ——

A

Golgi body

Cis surface——> cisternae——> trans surface

Modification of proteins such as phosphorylation to direct to the destined areas.

ER also has cisternae

202
Q

Bacteria cell wall is made of …..

A

Murein peptidoglycan

203
Q

Cytoskeleton can also support cell motility.

Yes or no

A

Yes cytoskeleton with the motor proteins

204
Q

Shape of the microtubules, size and func

A

Shape- tube like
Func- resist compression, cell motiliy Size- thickest in three cytoskeleton

205
Q

Cytoskeletons can be seen with a light microscope. True or flase

A

True

206
Q

Microtubules are ———

A

Polar because they contain alpha and beta tubulin, two subunits one positive charge and the other negative charge

207
Q

Eukaryotes can be unicellular

T or F

A

True

208
Q

Cilia and flagella contain ————

A

Microtubules , special arrangement of microtubules is responsible for beating of the cilia and flagella

Though different in length, number per cell, and beating pattern, motile cilia and flagella share a common structure. Each motile cilium or flagellum has a group of microtu- bules sheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. Nine doublets of microtubules are arranged in a ring with two single microtubules in its center. This arrangement, referred to as the “9 + 2” pattern, is found in nearly all eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia. (Nonmotile primary cilia have a “9 + 0” pattern, lacking the central pair of microtubules.)

Microtubules is anchored in the cilia and flagella by basal body.

209
Q

Microfilament func

A

Also called actin filament, muscle contraction, resist tension, cell motility

210
Q

Intermediate filaments is found in all plants and animals. T or F

A

False. Only found in cells of some animals , including vertebrates

211
Q

Intermediate filaments func

A

Shape of the cell , fixing the position of organelles, make up nuclear lamina

212
Q

Keratin filaments are——

A

Intermediate filaments, more permanent fixtures do cells than are microfilaments and microtubules , which are often disassembled and reassembled in various parts of a cell

213
Q

Signaling cells secrete——— that bind——to initiate a change of events in the cell/

A

Ligands molecule/ receptors

214
Q

What is the action of epinephrine ?

A

Epinephrine is used in anti inflammatory response
But when glucose level is low, epinephrine is released, they covert glycogen to glucose in the liver.

215
Q

What kinds of cellular junctions allow the passage of signaling molecules between neighboring cells?

A

Gap junction and plasmodesmata

216
Q

Stages involved in cellular pathway

A

Reception——>signal transduction——>cellular response

217
Q

How does ligands such as steroids bind to receptor?

A

They fuse into the cell and bind with the internal receptor. Ligand- receptor complex moves to the nucleus and interacts with the cellular DNA and influenced the genes it expressed.

218
Q

How does polar ligands interact with the receptors?

A

By binding to the membrane receptor. Some membrane receptors change conformation so that certain ions such Na+ and K+ can pass through the membrane. Other membrane receptors interact with the G protein on the cytoplasmic part of the membrane, which causes series f reactions inside the c ell.

219
Q

Some receptors can bind several ligands true or false?

A

Yes. Smell receptors

220
Q

A specific ligands only bind to a specific receptor/ true or false

A

True

221
Q

How many types of signaling are there?

A

There are four categories of chemical signaling found in multicellular organisms: paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, autocrine signaling, and direct signaling across gap junctions

222
Q

What are paracrine signals?

A

Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called paracrine signals. Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the extracellular matrix

223
Q

Paracrine cells are quickly removed or degraded by enzymes or neighboring cells. Why?

A

To restablish the conc gradient for the signals

224
Q

Endocrine signals originate from———

A

Endocrine cells
Hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid gland

225
Q

The response from endocrine gland is ——

A

Slow but long lasting

226
Q

The ligands of the endocrine glands are—— and they travel via ——

A

Hormones And blood

Because of their form of transport, hormones get diluted and are present in low concentrations when they act on their target cells. This is different from paracrine signaling, in which local concentrations of ligands can be very high.

227
Q

When do autocrine signalling take place ?

A

This type of signaling often occurs during the early development of an organism to ensure that cells develop into the correct tissues and take on the proper function

this process of stimulating a group of neighboring cells may help to direct the differentiation of identical cells into the same cell type, thus ensuring the proper developmental outcome.

228
Q

Where do paracrine signals act on?

A

On the same cell or a similar cell.

229
Q

What does autocrine signalling also regulate?

A

Regulates the pain sensation and inflammatory responses. Further if a cell is infected with a virus , can signal itself to programmed cell death apoptosis.

230
Q

Direct signalling through cell junction interact between what type of cells

A

Adjacent cells.

The transfer of signaling molecules communicates the current state of the cell that is directly next to the target cell; this allows a group of cells to coordinate their response to a signal that only one of them may have received. In plants, plasmodesmata are ubiquitous, making the entire plant into a giant communication network.

Gap junction allow small signaling molecules called intracellalar mediators to diffuse between two cells.

231
Q

Two types of receptors are—— and ——

A

Internal receptor and cell surface receptor

232
Q

Intracellular receptors are located in the——- and respond to —— molecules

A

Cytoplasm a of the cell and hydrophobic molecules that can travel across the membrane

233
Q

When the intracellular receptor binds to ligand, what happens next?

A

Conformational change in the receptor protein and exposes DNA binding site and interfere with the gene expression.

234
Q

What type of cell signaling influence the green expression without having to pass the signals on to the other receptors or messengers?

A

Intercellular receptor+non polar ligands

Directly interfere with the gene expression

235
Q

Cell surface-receptors are ———or——- proteins

A

Transmembrane receptor or integral proteins

236
Q

What happened when the receptors proteins are defect?

A

Lead to many diseases such as hypertension, asthma and heart disease

237
Q

What are the components of the cell surface receptor?

A

Three components
1. Extracellular domain (external ligand binding domain)
2. Hydrophobic membrane spanning region
3. Intracellular domain

238
Q

What are the three categories of the cell surface receptor?

A

Ion-channel linked receptor
G protein linked receptor
Enzyme linked receptor

239
Q

Ion channel linked receptor mechanisms

A

Allow the passage of ions through the membranes . When a ligand binds to the extracellular domain of the channel, conformational changes occur and allow ions such as sodium, calcium, magnesium to pass through

Biology (16 decks)

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