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Nutrition in Dentistry > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

____ can be converted from one form to another

A

Energy

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2
Q

____ energy associated w motion; ____ energy is stored (includes chemical energy stored in ___)

A

(1) Kinetic Energy
(2) Potential Energy
(3) Molecular structure

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3
Q

Two metabolic process:
_____ obtain energy & reducing power from nutrients to breakdown energy

_____ production of new cell components from build up of energy

A

(1) Catabolic
(2) Anabolic

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4
Q

____ set of chem reactions occurs in a cells, enables it to keep GDL growing, dividing & living

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

What are the sources or energy giving nutrients (3)

A

(1) Carbohydrates (2) Protein (3) Fats

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6
Q

___ substance that develops insulin resistance due ____

A

(1) Insulin resistin
(2) Fatty cells/Fat cells

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7
Q

____ formation of glucose from stored fats & protein; ______ formation of glucose form AF
amino acids & fatty acids

A

(1) Glycolysis
(2) Gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

____ glucose synthesis from smaller precursors for the brain

A

Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

acetyl CoA oxidation = obtain GTP & valuable intermediates

A

Kerb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

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10
Q

___ glucose oxidation to obtain ATP

A

Glycolysis

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11
Q

What are the three pathways for energy production

A

(1) Glycolysis
(2) Gluconeogenesis
(3) Citric Acid Cycle “Kerb’s Cycle”

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12
Q

What are the 8 factors that influence body temperature?

A

SAD STEM D
(1) Sex
(2) Age
(3) Drug & Smoking
(4) Site of Measurement
(5) Time of the day
(6) Exercise or Physical Exertion
(7) Meals
(8) Stress

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13
Q

Average body temperature is also known as ____ with the ff temperature in celsius: _____

A

(1) Nomothermia
(2) 37°C-38°C

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14
Q

Normal body temperature is 37°C-38°C but in Fahrenheit is ___

A

98.6 to 100.4 °F

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15
Q

In age ____ high metabolic rate have higher body temperature & _____ lower body temp

A

(1) Children
(2) Older than 65

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16
Q

In meals, _____ increases temperature, which reflects an increase in metabolic rate to ____

A

(1) 20-30 mins after eating
(2) facilitate digestion

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17
Q

In sex ___ generally have higher body temp, but females experience high body temp during ____ & ____

A

(1) Male
(2) Ovulation & Pregnancy

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18
Q

In sex, ___ claimed in 1868 that female have higher body temp than male, but ____ study discovered gender no significant differences in body temp

A

(1) Carl Wunderlich
(2) 1993

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19
Q

What year did female on average have slightly lower body temp?

A

2019

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20
Q

Drug & Smoking:

pharmaceutic drugs such as antibiotics ___ &____, _____ & _____ influence body temperature

A

(1) Cephalosporins & Penicillin
(2) Methyldopa & Phenytoin

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21
Q

Drug & Smoking:
___ & ___ are recreational substances that increase body temp

A

(1) MDMA
(2) Cocaine

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22
Q

Site of measurement:

_______ is the axillary temp & rectal reading

A

0.3°C -0.6 °C
[0.5°F-1°F]

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23
Q

Site of measurement:
______ is lower than oral temperature; ____ higher than orally measured

A

(1) axillary temperature
(2) rectal reading

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24
Q

Site of measurement:

happy middle ground (accuracy & convenience)
gone out of favor: px reluctance & spread of infect

A

Rectal reading

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25
Q

____ required to obtain an exact measurement of the body’s core temperature.

A

Invasive methods

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26
Q

Exercise or Physical exertion: (True/False)

More heat is generated when muscles require more work to do

A

True

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27
Q

Exercise or Physical exertion: (True/False)

training in hot/humid conditions: harder to keep core temp leads to death

A

False (death: dehydration or heat illness)

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28
Q

Exercise or Physical exertion: (True/False)

The key takeaway for exercise is
be patient, take time in condition the body & hydrate adequately before intense workouts

A

True

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29
Q

Stress:
____ body’s largest & most metabolically active organ, notable impact - body temp

A

Liver

30
Q

Give 2 stress hormones

A

(1) Cortisol (2) Adrenaline

31
Q

In stress increase in temperature is ______ response to deal with perceived threaths

A

Adaptive

32
Q

____ mediates “fight or flight” response, stimulates inc heat production in liver + adaptive changes

A

Adrenaline

33
Q

Give the 6 factors that determine energy requirement

A

GGABBD
(1) Gender
(2) Genetics
(3) Age
(4) Body Surface Area
(5) Body Fat Percentage
(6) Diet

34
Q

____ energy needed for body to sustain involuntary activity such as RCNE (_____) except _____ (influenced by food intake)

A

(1) Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)
(2) Respiration, Ciruclation, Nerve conduction, Excretion
(3) Digestion

35
Q

BMR is determined by a combination of ___ &___

A

(1) genetic
(2) environmental factors

36
Q

Genetics:
some are born w faster metabolism & slower metabolism but what gender has faster metabolism?

A

Male

37
Q

Gender
Males have higher BMR due to _____ & ____

A

(1) Greater muscle mass
(2) Lower body fat percentage

38
Q

BMR reduced with age, after ____ yrs it drops by ___ per decade

A

(1) 20 years
(2) 2%

39
Q

____ is reflection of height & weight wherein greater ____ factor results in ____

A

(1 & 2) Body Surface Area
(3) Higher BMR

40
Q

In this factor, lower body fat percentage results in _____, and men have faster BMR with _____ %

A

(1) HIgher BMR
(2) 10-15%

41
Q

Diet:
______ can dramatically reduct BMR up to what percentage ____

A

(1) Starvation or Serious Abrupt Calorie Reduction
(2) 30%

42
Q

Give 5 conditions that increase BMR

A

(1) Prolonged exposure to heat
(2) Exposure to cold temp
(3) Increase of 0.5C internal temperature
(4) Greater body surface area
(5) Lower body fat percentage

43
Q

In body temperature an increase of ____ internal temperature will increase BMR by ____%

A

(1) 0.5C (2) 7%

44
Q

The chemical reaction in the body occurs more quickly at _____

A

Higher body temperature

45
Q

External temp:
____ & ___ increase BMR; ____ little effect on BMR

A

(1) Exposure to cold temp & Prolonged exposure to heat
(2) Short exposure to hot temp

46
Q

External temp condition ___ where there is an inc in BMR as to create ____ needed to maintain body’s internal temperature

A

(1) Exposure to cold temp
(2) extra heat

47
Q

Short exposure to hot temprature has little effect on body metabolism for it is ______ by ____

A

(1) compensated
(2) increase heat loss

48
Q

key BMR regulator that speeds up metabolic activity

A

Thyroxin

49
Q

Thyroin is produced in ____ & controlled by ____

A

(1) Thyroid gland
(2) Endocrine

50
Q

____ can also increase BMR but to lesser extent

A

Adrenaline

51
Q

____ too much production of thryoxin; ____ too little production of thryoxin

A

(1) Thyrotoxicosis
(2) Myxoedema

52
Q

Too much production of thyroxin is also called ___ where it is influenced by _____

A

(1) Thyrotoxicosis
(2) endocrine imbalance

53
Q

Result of BMR in the ff conditions:
(1) Thyrotoxicosis: _____
(2) Myxoedema: _____

A

(1) BMR is higher & can double
(2) BMR may shrink 30-40%

54
Q

___ fat, slow BMR, intake a little amount of food = gains weight; _____ thin, fast BMR, continuous food intake = no weight gain

A

(1) Hypothyroidism
(2) Hyperthyroidism

55
Q

In diverticulosis there is a formation of pockets in ____

A

small intestine

56
Q

Give the formula for Tannhauser’s Method or Desirable Body Weight.

A

Kg = (Htcm - 100) - 0.10 (Htcm - 100)

57
Q

Give the formula for Body Mass Index

A

BMR = weight (kg) / height (m)2

58
Q

In tannhauser’s method the height should be in ____

A

Cm (1 inch = 2.54 cm)

59
Q

___ measure of body fat based on height in ___ & weight ___ to adult men & women

A

(1) BMI
(2) meters square (m)2
(3) kilograms

60
Q

BMI weight status for normal & obese

A

Normal: 18.5 - 24.9
Obese: 30.0 above

61
Q

BMI weight status for underweight & overweight

A

underweight: below 18.5
overweight: 25.0 - 29.9

62
Q

Choose the DBW for larger frame

(1) ( h - 100) + 0.10 ( h - 100) in kg
(2) (height - 100) in kg
(3) ( h - 100) - 0.10 ( h - 100) in kg

A

(1) ( h - 100) + 0.10 ( h - 100) in kg

63
Q

Choose the DBW for medium frame

(1) ( h - 100) - 0.10 ( h - 100) in kg
(2) ( h - 100) + 0.10 ( h - 100) in kg
(3) (height - 100) in kg

A

(3) (height - 100) in kg

64
Q

Two methods to calculate Basic Metabolic Rate

A

(1) Total Energy Requirement (TER)
(2) Harris Benedict Equation + Activity Multiplier

65
Q

TER is also known as ____ wherein the total number of calories expends in _____ including ___

A

(1) Maintenance level
(2) 24hrs
(3) all activites

66
Q

True/False
knowing your TER gives a starting reference to begin your diet

A

True

67
Q

Maintenance level in US for women = ____; men = ___

A

(1) w = 2,000 - 2,100 calories per day
(2) m = 2,7000 - 2,9000 calories per day

68
Q

Time of the day:

___ term called for the fluctuations of body temperature throughout the day

A

Diurnal variation

69
Q

Time of the day:

___ highest BT; ___ lowest BT

A

1) Late in the afternoon
2) Sleeping

70
Q

Formula for TER

A

DBW in kg x BMR

Nutrition in Dentistry (9 decks)

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