Endocrinology Flashcards
DM + Obesity Dual OHA Drugs
Metformin + DPP4 Inhibitor
Cushinoid Features + Normal Dexamethasone suppression test
Psuedo Cushing Syndrome (Seen in Alcoholics)
Low sodium + Quadriparasis + Inability to swallow or speak
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Thyroid Lymphoma Management
Chemotherapy + External Beam Radiotherapy
Amenorrhoea + Low LH and FSH
Hypothalamic Hypogonadism
Hypoglycemia with no cause identified
Inpatient 72 hour fasting and check insulin + C-peptide levels
Causes of Hypoglycemia
EXPLAIN
- EXogenous Drugs - Insulin,
- Pituitary Insufficiency
- Liver Failure
- Adrenal Failure
- Insulinomas
-Non-Pancreatic Neoplasms
Acromegaly Medical Management
- Cabergoline
- Octreotide
Differentia between MEN 1 and MEN 2
MEN 1 has angiofibromas not seen in MEN 2
SIADH Diagnosis
- Serum Osmolality <275 mOsm
- Urine Osmolality > 100 mOsm
- Urine Sodium >30
Post Surgery follow up for thyroid cancer
TSH supression with thyroxine and dynamic risk stratification
Cushings Initial Investigations
- 2 x 24 hour urine free cortisol
- Overnight Dexamethasone suppression test
To differentiate pituitary adenoma and ectopic ACTH
High Dose Dexamethasone suppression test
Acromegaly Initial Test
IGF-1 Levels
MI + DM OHA of choice
SGLT2 - Empaglifozin
Diabetics undergoing strenuous exercise + Needs Insulin
Insulin Pump
Proximal Muscle weakness + Long Standing Diabetes
Diabetic Amyotrophy
Addisons + Amenorrhoea hormone responsible
Prolactin
Carbimazole + Sore Throat
Agranulocytosis
Elevated Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP) Seen in
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
Common Type of cancer with Hypercalcemia
Squamous
On Multiple Anti hypertensives but Hypertension
Conn’s Syndrome
Amiodarone Induced Thyrotoxicosis Management
Antithyroid Drugs + Corticosteroids
- Short Stature
- Shortening of fourth and fifth metacarpals
- Basal Ganglia Calcification
Seen in
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase antibodies + Post partum
Post partum Thyroiditis
Anti TSH Receptor Antibody
Graves Disease
Pheochromocytoma management
Alpha Blocker then Beta Blocker Then Surgery
Cranial Nerve Palsy + Headache + Hypotension
Pituitary Apoplexy
Cushings Disease on ABG
Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis
On Metformin + Risk of CVD next OHA is?
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Hyperthyroidism + Viral Prodrome preceding
De-Quervains Thyroiditis
Pheochromocytoma but no CT finding - Next Investigation
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Scan
High T4 + Low TSH + Scintigraphy shows low uptake by gland
Thyrotoxicosis Factitia
First Sign of Onset of Puberty in Females
Breast Bud Development
Female External Genitalia + Absence of hair growth + No Menses
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Medullary Thyroid Cancer + High Blood Pressure
Phaeochromocytoma due to MEN-2a
OTC Antacids + Increased Ca2+ and Bicarbonate levels in blood
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
Adrenal Crisis Management
IV NS + IV Hydrocortisone
Increased Prolactin + Myxoma + Spotty Pigmentation
Carney’s Syndrome
Young + Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis + Abdominal Pain
Addisons Disease
Cerebellar Hemorrhage + Retinal Angioma + Retinal Detachment
Von Hippel Lindau Disease
Low BMI + Young women + Strenuous Exercise + Amenorrhoea
Premature Ovarian Failure
Hormone Responsible for Epiphyseal Fusion and Cessation of Growth
Oestrogen
Hormone to test Presence of Ovulation
Luteinizing Hormone
Diagnosed as Type 2 DM but Urine ketones + despite OHA
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood
Lack of sense of smell + Normal Height + Small Testis
Kallmann Syndrome
Graves Eye Disease worsened by:
Radioiodine
Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Calcium and 1 alpha calcidiol
Glucagonoma Dermatological Finding
Necrolytic Migratory Erythema
ABG Finding in Hyperthyroid Patients
Decreased PaCO2
Pagets Disease on Bone Biopsy
Multinucleated Osteoclasts
Investigation to know volume thyroid
Ultrasound Scan
High TSH
High Free T4 and T3
Poor compliance with medication
Bilateral Proptosis and Dysconjugate eye movement seen in
Graves Diseases (Don’t change answer even if TSH and T4 are not indicating)
Indication of use of Bromocriptine
Prolactinoma
Initial/Standard/Mainstay Treatment of Acromegaly
Trans-Sphenoidal Surgery
Increased Insulin Resistance how does it affect clotting
Increased levels of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1
Diabetic on DVT Prophylaxis + Hyperkalemia cause
Heparin Treatment
Leptin Mechanism of Action
Stimulation of GnRH by Hypothalamus
Early detection of Thyroid cancer investigation
Serum Thyroglobulin
Pituitary hormone which falls during later stage of pregnancy
Growth Hormone
SGLT-2 Site of Action
Early Proximal convoluted tubule
