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MIDTERMS > ENDOCRINOLOGY > Flashcards

ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

2 PHYSIOLOGIC REGULATORY SYSTEMS
 Significant in order to maintain stable internal
environment; to ensure homeostasis which
describes a continuously ongoing process allowing the body to function at an optimal level
1
2

A

ENDOCRINOLOGY
 Endocrine system
 Nervous system
-Neuroendocrine system

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2
Q

Release of chemical (Neurotransmitter) across synapse
Effect will be restricted to those target cells actually innervated
Effect will be generated within milliseconds

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

Release of chemical (hormone) into bloodstream
Effect can be on many target cells spread
throughout the body
Effect will take place over a relatively long
time span ranging from seconds to days

A

Endocrine System

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4
Q

TYPES OF GLANDS

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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5
Q

Ductless glands; the hormones will be
directed towards the circulatory system
reaching its target tissue/organ
 Products/chemicals: ___

A

Endocrine
- hormones

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6
Q

Contains ducts; are
attached to specific ducts and the
secretion are released directly towards the
outer body surface or in the internal organs
 Products: ___,__,__

A

Exocrine
- enzyme, mucus, sweat

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7
Q

A network of ductless glands that secret hormones directly into the blood.
 considered to be the regulatory system of the body.
 It is regulated by means of control of hormone
synthesis rather than by degradation

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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8
Q

TYPES OF ENDOCRINE CONTROL

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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9
Q

An increased in the product also increases the
activity of the system and production rate
 Increased need for a particular compound
= increased hormone to be released
 Ex: __ and __

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- gonadal hormone & adrenocortical
hormone

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10
Q

An increased in the product decreases the activity of the system and the production rate
 Once the hormone was released and has
caused a significant effect/ increase in a
particular product, automatically the body
signals the particular gland to stop
releasing hormones.
 Ex._____

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- Luteinizing hormone

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11
Q

MAJOR GLANDS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

Pituitary Gland
 Thyroid Gland
 Parathyroid Gland
 Adrenal Gland
 Pancreas
 Reproductive Glands
(ovaries & testes)
 Thymus Gland
 Pineal Gland

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12
Q

Are chemical compounds secreted into the blood that affect target tissues generally at a site distant from original production (can also be at immediate site)
- Play an important role in the equilibrium,
homeo stasis, growth, and development of an
organism
- Regulated by the metabolic activity depending on the characteristic of the hormone:
1
2

A

HORMONE
- Positive Feedback
- Negative Feedback

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13
Q

secreted in one location and release
into blood circulation; binds to specific receptor to elicit physiological response.

A

Endocrine

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14
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and
released into interstitial space; binds to specific
receptor in adjacent cell and affects its function.

A

Paracrine

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15
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and
sometimes released into interstitial space; binds to specific receptor on cell of origin resulting selfregulation of its function

A

Autocrine

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16
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and
remains in relation to plasma membrane; acts on immediately adjacent cell by direct cell- to –cell contact.

A

Juxtacrine

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17
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and
released into lumen of gut; it affects their function

A

Exocrine

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18
Q

secreted in neurons and released
into extracellular space; binds to receptor nearby cell and affects its function.

A

Neurocrine

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19
Q

secreted in neurons and
released from nerve endings; interacts with
receptors of cells at distant site.

A

Neuroendocrine

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20
Q

secreted in the endocrine cells and
remained as well as function inside the synthesis of origin.

A

Intracrine

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21
Q

HORMONAL INTERACTION

A

Pertains to activity/actions of hormones that are not stand alone. Some hormones need other organs to make its activity more potent and effective.

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22
Q

When two or more hormones work
together to produce a particular result.
May be complimentary or additive

A

Synergistic

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23
Q

When the action of a second hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the
second hormone, or when it increases
the activity of the second hormone

A

Permissive

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24
Q

The actions of on hormone antagonize
the effects of another

A

Antagonistic

25
Q

from hypothalamus; promote
secretion of Ant. Pituitary hormones
 Ex: __ and __

A

Releasing hormones
-Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone, Somato

26
Q

from hypothalamus & GIT; suppress the secretion of a particular hormone
 Ex: ____

A

Inhibitory hormones
- Somatostatin/ growth
inhibitory hormone

27
Q

stimulate growth & activity of
other endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones

28
Q

secreted by all endocrine glands & w/ non endocrine cells as targets

A

Effector hormones

29
Q

Synthesized and stored within the cell in the form of secretory granules and are cleaved as needed.
 Cannot cross the cell membrane due to their large molecular size
 Water soluble and not bound to carrier protein

A

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

30
Q

Glycoprotein

A

TSH, LH, FSH, HcG, EPO

31
Q

Polypeptides

A

GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH,
Somatostatin, PRF, ADH, Oxytocin,
GH, ACTH, PRL, Calcitonin, PTH,
Insulin, Glucagon

32
Q

Lipid molecules that have cholesterol as a common precursor.
 Produced by: ___, ____, ___ and ____
 Water insoluble (hydrophobic) and circulate bound to a carrier protein
 Example: __,_____,___,___,___

A

STEROIDS
- Adrenal glands, ovaries, testes &
placenta
- Cortisol, Aldosterone, Estrogen,
Progesterone, Testosterone
( those having cholesterol as precursor ends with “ol” or “one)

33
Q

Derived from an amino acid and they are
intermediary between steroid and protein
hormones.
 Not considered as polypeptides/proteins
 Example: ___,____,____,___,____

A

AMINES
- Melatonin, Serotonin, Thyroid
hormones (T3 & T4), Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine

34
Q

Derived from fatty acids
 with 20 carbon atom fatty acid (arachidonic fatty acid), involved in cellular activity
 Example: ___,___,___

A

EICOSANOIDS
- Prostaglandin, Thromboxane,
Leukotrienes

35
Q

Portion of the brain located in the walls and third floor of the third ventricle.
 Lies around the 3RD VENTRICLE in the brain
 Above the pituitary gland and is connected to the ____
 Serve as the link between the nervous system and endocrine system.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS
-Infundibulum

36
Q

Regulates endocrine system
- is responsible for releasing compounds that are significant in
the regulation of the pituitary gland

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

37
Q

lies at the front of the hypothalamus, and has
an important role in sight

A

Anterior: OPTIC CHIASMA

38
Q

at the back of the hypothalamus is important in the development of the nervous system

A

Posterior: MAMMILLARY BODY

39
Q

secretes compounds toward the
pituitary gland in order for the hypothalamus to regulate compounds which will be released by the pituitary gland.

A

Neurons

40
Q

There is release of triiodothyronine so the thyroid
hormones which are already present in the blood
circulation will stop the Ant. Pituitary and Hypothalamus from further inducing the release of
hormones which will stimulate the release of thyroid gland. The negative feedback mechanism tells the Ant. Pituitary to stop/decrease the release of TSH. Also, in order to decrease TSH release, the
hypothalamus must also decrease the TRH release.

A

Open-loop negative feedback mechanism

41
Q

in circulation means if the thyroid
hormone already decreases, the hypothalamus and
ant. Pituitary can go back again to promote the release of hormones in order to induce again the release of thyroid hormone.

A

Open-loop negative feedback mechanism

42
Q

 All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in pulsatile fashion. This dictates how frequent the endocrine glands release a particular hormone. The release of compounds is by intervals.

A

Pulsatility (pulse frequency of secretion)

43
Q

In variables during blood extraction, we consider diurnal/circadian rhythm of a
compound. These are applicable in
hormones. This means that the level of hormones vary depending on the time of the day that the sample is obtained. Majority of ant. Pituitary hormones have diurnal/circadian variation.

A

Cyclicity

44
Q

HORMONES OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS categories
Target: Activity of Pituitary gland

A

RELEASING HORMONES
INHIBITING HORMONES
- Activity of Pituitary gland

45
Q

stimulates the production of
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating
Hormone

A

TRH (Thyrotrophin
Releasing Hormone)

46
Q

stimulates the production of
ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic
Hormone)

A

CRH (Corticotrophin
Releasing Hormone)

47
Q

stimulates production of GH
(Growth Hormone)

A

GHRH ( Growth
Hormone Releasing
Hormone)

48
Q

stimulates production of FSH
(Follicle Stimulating Hormone),
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A

GnRH (Gonadal
Releasing Hormone)

49
Q

stimulates production
prolactin

A

PRF (Prolactin
Releasing Factor)

50
Q

Inhibit Release-Inhibiting
Hormone)

A

GHIH (Growth Hormone
Inhibitory Hormone)
aka Somatostatin
aka SRIH (Somatotropin

51
Q

Inhibits release of
Prolactin

A

PIF (Prolactin Inhibiting
Factor)

52
Q

secretion is stimulated by systemic physiologic stress via:
1
2
3

A

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

 Neurons of subfornical origin
 Neurons of nucleus tractus solitarius
 Hypothalamic glutamatergic neurons
 Hydroxytryptamine-secreting neurons

53
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Physiologic stimulus – ___,___,___
____– inhibitory neurotransmitter
CRH specifically affects ACTH release which is affected by the level of___,___,___

A
  • stress, inflammation,
    hypoglycemia
    -GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
  • serotonin, endorphins,
    acetylcholine
54
Q

Tripeptide hormone; the release is regulated by this secreting neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. This are innervated by the
1
2

  • secretion is dependent on energy state and temperature of the organism.
  • directs its effect on the release of
    TSH which in turn affects the release of hormones from thyroid gland.
A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
- Leptin
- Neuropeptide Y & AgRP (Agouti
related protein)

55
Q

produced by adipose tissue →
acts to reduce appetite and raise
energy expenditure as body fat
stores rise

A

Leptin

56
Q

promote food intake

A

Neuropeptide Y & AgRP (Agouti
related protein)

57
Q

Produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the medial basal hypothalamus
Simulators: ___,__,___
 ___ is a neuropeptide expressed in endocrine, CNS, and PNS
___ - suppresses both GHRH and GH
__ and ____ - increasing GHRH and GH secretion
 ____ is from stomach which promotes food intake

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
-dopamine and galanin-secreting
neurons, brainstem neurons w/ catecholaminergic
inputs
- Galanin
- SRIH (Somatostatin release-inhibiting hormone)
- Leptin and Ghrelin
- Ghrelin

58
Q

Regulates the release of FSH & LH; the regulatory mechanism varies on the patient’s status specifically its menstrual cycle
- secretion is stimulated by neurons that secrete:
 Galanin-like peptide (GALP)
 Kisspeptin – regulates puberty and reproduction
 Glutamate
 Neuropeptide Y
 Norepinephrine
 GABA
 Acetylcholine
Stimulates gonadotropin release
Suppressed by: __,__,___

A

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- endorphins, dopamine, serotonin

59
Q

Found in 3rd cerebral ventricle of brain and midline
Attached to midbrain
Termed, bc it looks like a pine cone with latin term of “pinea”
Produces melatonin (regulates circadian rhythm)
-Tryptophan based hormone; decreases the pigmentation of the skin
- Secretion are controlled by nerve stimuli

A

PINEAL GLAND| CONARIUM| EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI

MIDTERMS (21 decks)

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