Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MIDTERMS > BLOOD GASES CCHM > Flashcards

BLOOD GASES CCHM Flashcards

1
Q

substance that can yield a hydrogen ion (H) or hydronium ion when dissolved in water
represents (+) charge molecules

A

Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

substance that can yield hydroxyl ions (OH)
represents (-) charge molecules

A

Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

combination of a weak acid or weak base and its salt, is a system that resists changes in pH
Effectiveness of a buffer is determined based on:
1.
2.

A

Buffer
1 Ionization constant/ pKa of the
buffering system
2 pH of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function: maintain or prevent sudden
fluctuations in pH

A

Buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major buffer system:

A

Plasma – bicarbonate
carbonic acid buffer system; pK of 6.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal blood pH: ___, to achieve this the body uses buffers

A

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

BUFFER SYSTEMS

A

1 BICARBONATE-CARBONIC ACID BUFFER SYSTEM
2 PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM
3 HEMOGLOBIN-OXYHEMOGLOBIN BUFFER SYSTEM
4 PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

BUFFER SYSTEMS

A

1 BICARBONATE-CARBONIC ACID BUFFER SYSTEM
2 PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM
3 HEMOGLOBIN-OXYHEMOGLOBIN BUFFER SYSTEM
4 PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Principal mammalian buffer system

A

BICARBONATE-CARBONIC ACID BUFFER SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acids combine with Bicarbonates in the blood

A

Neutral Salts (Bicarbonate Salts) –
conjugate base
Carbonic Acid (Weak Acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BICARBONATE-CARBONIC ACID BUFFER SYSTEM

Acids combine with Bicarbonates in the blood

A

Neutral Salts (Bicarbonate Salts) –
conjugate base
Carbonic Acid (Weak Acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bicarbonate
Form:
Regulation:

A

Bicarbonate
Through Kidney renal regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carbonic acid (unstable)
Form
Regulation

A

Changes to H2O and CO2 once it reaches the plasma.
Measurement: based on pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Carbonic acid (unstable)
Form
Regulation

A

Changes to H2O and CO2 once it reaches the plasma.
Measurement: based on pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ unstable, changing to H2O and CO2 in fluid

A

H2CO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Primary utilization is in RBCs. It is 16% of the non-bicarbonate buffer value of erythrocytes It increases the amount of ____ in ECF (more alkaline)

A

PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM
NaHCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ is a negatively charged molecule which makes blood pH to be more ____, but still maintaining the normal blood pH

A

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM , ____ phosphate form that acts as a buffer

A

2,3-diphosphoglycerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM , ____ phosphate form that acts as a buffer

A

2,3-diphosphoglycerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

maintains pH level (Venous and Arterial Blood)
____ is considered to be an effective buffer because it is responsible for carrying oxygen so it has the ability to off load ___ replacing it with ___
- helps in the maintenance of CO2; it facilitates its diffusion across different gradients
____ carries ____.
Each mole of Hgb binds with ____ (primarily more than 95% of Hgb binds with O2)

A

HEMOGLOBIN-OXYHEMOGLOBIN BUFFER SYSTEM
Hemoglobin
O2
CO2
1 gram of Hemoglobin
1.39 mL of Oxygen
1 mole of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proteins can also help in maintaining the buffer due to charges present on their surfaces. Proteins are made up of ____ which has ___ and ____; consisting of (+) and (-) charge end.
Proteins can exist in 2 forms: ___, ___ > Their characteristics depend on the pH of the environment
• More (+) in _____ environment
•More (-) in ___
•Has capability to bind or release excess Hydrogen as required within blood circulation
Plasma proteins (Charges on their surface)
o pH > pI –
o pH < pI –

A

PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM
amino acids
carboxyl end
amino end
H+ protein
B Protein
acidic
basic/alkaline
(-) charge
(+) charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

second largest fraction of the anions in the plasma.
Conjugate base representative of major buffer system
Classified under electrolytes.
It includes: ___ and _____

A

BICARBONATE (HCO3)
ionized bicarbonate (HC03)
Bicarbonate molecules linked with amino acid:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

second largest fraction of the anions in the plasma.
Conjugate base representative of major buffer system
Classified under electrolytes.
It includes: ___ and _____

A

BICARBONATE (HCO3)
ionized bicarbonate (HC03)
Bicarbonate molecules linked with amino acid:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

measured to determine pH

A

ionized bicarbonate (HC03) –

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

measured to determine pH

A

ionized bicarbonate (HC03) –

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

carbonate and the carbamino
compounds.
Normal range is from ___

A

Bicarbonate molecules linked with amino acid
21 - 28 mmol/L (21 - 28 meq/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

carbonate and the carbamino
compounds.
Normal range is from ___

A

Bicarbonate molecules linked with amino acid
21 - 28 mmol/L (21 - 28 meq/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Weak acid representative of major buffer system
readily dissociated into ___ and ___ once it reaches the blood circulation
This fraction of blood, plasma or serum includes the ___ and ___
In blood circulation, CO2 concentration is ____ than HCO3, the symbol cdCO2 (conc. of dissolved C02) is frequently used and measured from ___
Other references: the complete solubility
coefficient is ____
Normal range: ____

A

CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3)
H2O
CO2
undissociated carbonic acid
physically dissolved anhydrous C02
higher
pCO2 multiplied by the solubility coefficient (0.03) of CO2.
0.0307 or 0.0306
1.05 –1.45 mmol/L.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Weak acid representative of major buffer system
readily dissociated into ___ and ___ once it reaches the blood circulation
This fraction of blood, plasma or serum includes the ___ and ___
In blood circulation, CO2 concentration is ____ than HCO3, the symbol cdCO2 (conc. of dissolved C02) is frequently used and measured from ___
Other references: the complete solubility
coefficient is ____
Normal range: ____

A

CARBONIC ACID (H2CO3)
H2O
CO2
undissociated carbonic acid
physically dissolved anhydrous C02
higher
pCO2 multiplied by the solubility coefficient (0.03) of CO2.
0.0307 or 0.0306
1.05 –1.45 mmol/L.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pressure or tension exerted by C02 gas
dissolved in blood
It is an index of efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs and not a direct measurement of total CO2 concentration in the blood.
Function: used to determine (H2CO3) level by multiplying it with solubility coefficient
 Normal range: ____

A

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF C02 (PCO2)
35 - 45 mmHg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pressure or tension exerted by C02 gas
dissolved in blood
It is an index of efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs and not a direct measurement of total CO2 concentration in the blood.
Function: used to determine (H2CO3) level by multiplying it with solubility coefficient
 Normal range: ____

A

PARTIAL PRESSURE OF C02 (PCO2)
35 - 45 mmHg.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Amount of CO2 bound within the blood
circulation depending on the sample used
The value of the CO2 combining power Is an index of the amount of CO2 that can be bound by serum, plasma, or whole blood as HCO3 at a ____ of ___ at ____ degree celsius
Normal range: ___

A

CARBON DIOXIDE COMBINING POWER (CO2 COMBINING POWER)
pCO2 of 40 mmHg at 25 degrees Celcius.
24 - 30 mmol/L.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Amount of CO2 bound within the blood
circulation depending on the sample used
The value of the CO2 combining power Is an index of the amount of CO2 that can be bound by serum, plasma, or whole blood as HCO3 at a ____ of ___ at ____ degree celsius
Normal range: ___

A

CARBON DIOXIDE COMBINING POWER (CO2 COMBINING POWER)
pCO2 of 40 mmHg at 25 degrees Celcius.
24 - 30 mmol/L.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Formerly known as ____
Sum of major buffer system or total concentration of C02 in the blood consisting of ionized HC03, C03, carbamino compound) and unionized fraction (H2C03) and physically dissolved C02.
Normal range: ____

A

TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION (ctCO2)
-C02 content
21-28 mmol/L.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity with a normal average range of 7.35-7.45

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

MAJOR FACTORS REGULATING BLOOD PH:
in order to prevent drastic fluctuation in pH, and second line which acts when major disturbances, changes or deviations from normal pH occurs.

A

Primary line
1) Chemical buffers (with charges)
> bicarbonate and carbonic acid buffer
system
>proteins
>Hemoglobin
>Electrolytes (Cl and HCO3)
Second line
Second line
2) Respiratory regulatory mechanism
> increased release of CO2: thru respiration or decreasing the exhalation
> Decreased release of CO2: thru
decreasing the respiratory rate
3) Renal regulatory mechanism – kidney which regulates level of bicarbonate (HCO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

used to measure blood pH

A

HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION

ph= bicarbonate/ carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

may not be encountered by MTs anymore because there are other healthcare professionals that are responsible for this procedure
as they are capable and trained to perform.

A

BLOOD COLLECTION FOR BLOOD GAS AND PH ANALYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Keep the sample at ___technique in blood collection; at least prevent its exposure to ambient air because the concentration of ___ and ___ is different in blood and in air.

A

anaerobic
O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Keep the sample at ___technique in blood collection; at least prevent its exposure to ambient air because the concentration of ___ and ___ is different in blood and in air.

A

anaerobic
O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Preferred sample:______
____ is the more preferred
specimen for blood gas analysis
because it is of more uniform
composition than venous blood. This is due to the metabolic diversity

A

whole blood
Arterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

These specimens can also be used for blood gas analysis provided that they undergo arterialization.

A

Venous and Capillary (Skin punctured) Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

___ used as an alternative if arterial sample from the patient cannot be
possibly collected or if the patient
does not have arterial cannula
yet.

A

Arterialized capillary blood

44
Q

_____ process by which
vasodilation is induced to maintain good blood flow. Sample from capillary puncture undergoing arterialization will be near arterial sample.

A

Arterialization

45
Q

Procedure of Blood gas analysis
Warm up first the area of blood
extraction. (i.e in finger/heel stick, dip it first in water bath with ____
and leave it for at least ____
 Alternative: _____

A

42oC temp
10mins.
use warming pad

46
Q

Exceptions in Arterialization
 If patients have low blood pressure: ____
Conditions which induce
_____
 Patients undergoing ___
 ____

A

systolic with <95mmHg
vasoconstriction
O2 therapy
Newborns with Respiratory Distress
Ssyndrome (RDS)

47
Q

______ is preferred than venous blood because it is a mixture of venous and arterial blood.

A

Capillary (Skin punctured) blood

48
Q

_____ is a very delicate procedure because arteries are always situated next to a nerve. Incorrect procedure may damage a nerve or dangerous effects to patient may occur.

A

Arterial blood gas collection

49
Q

Ideal syringe (but not used anymore): _____ less porous than plastic syringe so it
lessens amount of exposure and difference in amount of CO2 and O2 in ambient air.

A

glass syringe

50
Q

Anticoagulant: ___ powdered . The use of liquid is not advisable because it causes dilution of sample.
 Always follow anaerobic technique.

A

heparin (lyophilized/freeze dried) –

51
Q

___ Method
 ______
 Principle: Based on amperometric or
polarographic measurement of oxygen.
 Gasometric analysis
 Calculation from oxygen saturation, pH and temperature by means of the standard O2 dissociation curve.

A

pO2 partial pressure of oxygen
ISE
Clark/e p02 electrode

52
Q

___ non-invasive method where patients stay in the hospital and put up with an electrode with gel casing which
maintains temperature in certain portion of skin between ____ causing arterialization of
capillaries; thus measuring O2

A

Transcutaneous monitoring
43o-44oC

53
Q

Use of ______
 Principle: Based on pH measurement of a stationary NaHCO3 solution which is in
equilibrium with the test solution and the
test via a CO2 permeable membrane.
 Gasometric analysis
 Use of _____ -from pH and total carbon dioxide.
From a measured pH value interpolated in the C02 equilibrium curve

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2
pCO2 electrode (Severinghaus electrode)
Henderson Hasselbach equation

54
Q

___
 Principle: Based on polarographic
principle
____– used as
mathematical derivation for determining pH based on pCO2 and HCO3 level
 Use of PH meters
 Nomogram and Slide Rule
 Siggard -Anderson Alignment nomogram

A

PH electrode
Henderson - Hasselbach equation

55
Q

______
 Principle: Carbon dioxide is released frontHC03 by the addition of lactic add. The C02 and other gases are extracted under a partial vacuum. The pressure difference at constant value before and after absorption of C02 by NaOH Is the amount of C02 present in the sample.

A

CT C02
Manometric Method Using Natelson
Microgasometer

56
Q

2 Types of Gasometric Analysis
vary depending on the volume of blood
sample which will be utilized

A

Macrogasometric method – >1mL of sample
 Microgasometric method - <1mL of sample

57
Q

Gasometric Analysis

A

 Natelson Gasometric Analysis
 Van Slyke Gasometric Analysis

58
Q

Chemicals are used to liberate the
different blood gases; and specific
chemicals to differentiate which is O2
and CO2

A

 Natelson Gasometric Analysis

59
Q

Principle: Involves the release of CO2 gas when the sample is added to H2S04 with subsequent monitoring of this release with a pair of pCO2 electrodes (reference and sample electrodes). The
rate of change in pH of the buffer inside the pCO2 electrodes is a measure of the concentration of its CO2 in the sample
 Same methodology which involves replacement of ____ of ___ for the release
of CO2 gas.
 Same with ___ which has reference and sample electrode so the measurement is also done through electrochemical analysis

A

ALTERNATIVE METHOD
lactic acid with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
ISE

60
Q

Conditions for Blood Gas Analysis:

A
  1. All procedures should be considered “STAT”
  2. Specimen must be kept at anaerobic condition
    Specimen w/c cannot be analyzed immediately
    must be placed in an ice slurry (done but not
    advisable)
61
Q

Should have short TAT; test procedure must be performed within an hour after blood extraction.
 If delayed 20-30 mins: pH lowers by ___
 Avoid glycolysis

A

All procedures should be considered “STAT”
0.01

62
Q

conversion of glucose into acetyl coA, further proceeding to production of ATP
(end product together with CO2
and H2O). Since there is CO2, this
has an effect to blood gas
analysis

A

Glycolysis

63
Q

O2 at ambient air could enter the sample which can cause a decrease.
 If the sample is exposed to O2, blood will take up O2 and will ↓ pCO2 = ↓ H2CO3 = ↑ pH or
making the pH level of sample to have higher than normal pH

 Use plastic syringe (but POCT is still preferred)
Winged blood collection set is not advisable to use.

A

Specimen must be kept at anaerobic condition

64
Q

ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES:

A

Acidosis ( <7.35)
Alkalosis ( >7.45)

65
Q

General term applied for the any condition where the pH of the blood and the bicarbonate concentration of the blood are below normal.

A

Acidosis ( <7.35)

66
Q

General term applied for any condition with an increase in blood pH (above normal range) characterized by an elevation in the H+ ion accepting buffer of the plasma (UC03) and a reduction in the H+ ion substances (H2CO3)

A

Alkalosis ( >7.45)

67
Q

Metabolic affects HCO3

A

Metabolic Alkalosis ↑
 Metabolic Acidosis ↓

68
Q

Respiratory affects H2CO3

A

Respiratory Alkalosis ↑
 Respiratory Acidosis ↓

69
Q

– either excretion or reabsorption

A

Metabolic

70
Q

either retention by decreasing or
increasing exhalation of CO2 which is affected
based on the rate of respiration__ AND ___

A

Respiratory
Hyperventilation
 Hypoventilation

71
Q

caused by bicarbonate (HCO3) deficiency
Production of increased amount of acid ___,_____,_____,_____
Compensation: ____

A

Metabolic Acidosis
diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis (alcoholism), renal failure and diarrhea
Hyperventilation

72
Q

compensated by respiratory

A

Metabolic

73
Q

compensated by alkalosis
 To induce alkalosis, decrease the
carbonic acid, therefore pCO2 must be
decreased by ensuring that there is
greater exhalation of CO2 thru
hyperventilation
 ↑ respiratory rate = ↑ release of CO2 thru respiration = ↓ CO2 conc. in blood circulation.

A

Acidosis

74
Q

____ and ____ as the body’s 
response to increased positively charged
molecules. If you’re increasing bicarbonate (anion), it must be replaced with Cl molecule causing hyperchloremia (except in ____ which has normal Cl level)
 In _____, there is an ↑ H+ ions.

A

Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperkalemia
hyperchloremia
diabetic ketoacidosis
acidosis

75
Q

caused by bicarbonate excess
Conditions: Vomiting with the loss of ____ from the stomach
 If there’s a decrease of chloride, there
must be a replacement of same charge
which is reabsorption of bicarbonate
Compensation: _____

 Metabolic → compensated by respiratory
 Alkalosis → compensated by acidosis
 To induce acidosis, increase the
carbonic acid by increasing pCO2
by decreasing exhalation/
respiratory rate through
hypoventilation
(+) hypokalemia, hypochloremia 
For every 10 meq/L rise in bicarbonates, the pCO2 
rises by 6 mmHg

A

Metabolic Alkalosis
chloride
Hypoventilation

76
Q

caused by bicarbonate excess
Conditions: Vomiting with the loss of ____ from the stomach
 If there’s a decrease of chloride, there
must be a replacement of same charge
which is reabsorption of bicarbonate
Compensation: _____
 Metabolic → compensated by ___
 Alkalosis → compensated by ____
>To induce it, increase the
carbonic acid by increasing pCO2
by decreasing exhalation/ respiratory rate through its compensation.
(+) ___ and _____
For every ___ rise in bicarbonates, the pCO2  rises by____

A

Metabolic Alkalosis
chloride
Hypoventilation
respiratory
acidosis
hypokalemia
hypochloremia
10 meq/L
6 mmHg

77
Q

Excessive CO2 accumulation
Conditions: ____, ___,____,_____
overdose ____,____,___
pneumonia
>Common to these conditions are the
lowered effectiveness of lungs in terms of releasing CO2 thru respiration
Compensation: retention of ____
>Induce metabolic alkalosis: to induce, increase bicarbonate by reabsorption/ retention
Bicarbonate rises ___ for each ____rise in
pCO2

A

Respiratory Acidosis
Chronic obstructive pulmonic disease
(COPD), myasthenia gravis, CNS disease, drug
morphine, barbiturates and opiates
bicarbonates
1 meq/L
10 mmHg

78
Q

Due to excessive carbon dioxide loss
 Conditions (which causes ____):
Anxiety, severe pain, aspirin overdose, hepatic cirrhosis, during blood extraction
 Compensation: _____
>Induce metabolic acidosis: to induce,
decrease bicarbonate by excreting more
thru kidney function
 (+) ____ – potassium is excreted together with bicarbonate, leading to reabsorption of Na and Cl molecule
 Bicarbonate falls ___ for each ___ fall in pCO2

A

Respiratory Alkalosis
hyperventilation
decreased reabsorption
Hypokalemia
2 meq/L
10 mmHg

79
Q

Due to excessive carbon dioxide loss
 Conditions (which causes ____):
Anxiety, severe pain, aspirin overdose, hepatic cirrhosis, during blood extraction
 Compensation: _____
>Induce metabolic acidosis: to induce,
decrease bicarbonate by excreting more
thru kidney function
 (+) ____ – potassium is excreted together with bicarbonate, leading to reabsorption of Na and Cl molecule
 Bicarbonate falls ___ for each ___ fall in pCO2

A

Respiratory Alkalosis
hyperventilation
decreased reabsorption
Hypokalemia
2 meq/L
10 mmHg

80
Q

In Alkalosis, ____ ensues due to. _____, which can lead to death because of respiratory muscle spasm.

A

tetany
hypocalcemia

81
Q

In Alkalosis, ____ ensues due to. _____, which can lead to death because of respiratory muscle spasm.

A

tetany
hypocalcemia

82
Q

In Acidosis, there is an inhibition of the neural mechanisms which will then lead to ____. A blood pH of ____ has been proven fatal

A

coma
6.9

83
Q

Arterial Blood Gas ref range
pH
pCO2 (mm Hg)
HCO3 mmol/L
Total CO2 content
pO2 mmol/L
SO2 (%)
O2Hb (%)

A

7.35-7.45
35-45
22-26
23-27
80-110
>95
>95

84
Q

PARAMETERS OF INTEREST

A

-Evaluate (normal pH - 7.35-7.45)
-Evaluate the ventilation (Lungs)
-Evaluate the metabolic Process (kidneys)
-Determine which is the Primary (1°) and
compensating disorder
- Determine the degree of compensation
- pO2 = 81 - 100 mmHg (adequate oxygenation)

85
Q

PARAMETERS OF INTEREST

A

-Evaluate (normal pH - 7.35-7.45)
-Evaluate the ventilation (Lungs)
-Evaluate the metabolic Process (kidneys)
-Determine which is the Primary (1°) and
compensating disorder
- Determine the degree of compensation
- pO2 = 81 - 100 mmHg (adequate oxygenation)

86
Q

Evaluate (normal pH - 7.35-7.45)

A

 <7.35 - acidosis
 >7.45 – alkalosis

87
Q

Evaluate the ventilation (Lungs)

A

 pC02 - 35 - 45 mm Hg
 < 35 respiratory alkalosis
 > 45 respiratory acidosis

88
Q

Evaluate the ventilation (Lungs)

A

 pC02 - 35 - 45 mm Hg
 < 35 respiratory alkalosis
 > 45 respiratory acidosis

89
Q

Evaluate the metabolic Process (kidneys)

A

 HC03 = 22-26 meq/L
 < 22 - metabolic acidosis
 >26 – metabolic alkalosis

90
Q

Determine which is the Primary (1°) and
compensating disorder

A

pH

91
Q

Determine the degree of compensation

A

 non- compensatory
 partial compensatory
 complete compensation

92
Q

pO2 = 81 - 100 mmHg (adequate oxygenation)

A

 p02 Hypoxemia:
 mild = 61 - 80
 moderate = 41 - 60
 severe = 40 or less

93
Q

pO2 = 81 - 100 mmHg (adequate oxygenation)

A

 p02 Hypoxemia:
 mild = 61 - 80
 moderate = 41 - 60
 severe = 40 or less

94
Q

pH is based on HCO3 and H2CO3
 H2CO3 = _____

A

HENDERSON-HASSELBACH EQUATION
pCO2 x 0.03 (solubility coefficient;
other references: 0.029)

95
Q

HENDERSON-HASSELBACH EQUATION
formula to be used

A

pH = 6.1 + log HCO3 /
pCO2 x 0.03

96
Q

HENDERSON-HASSELBACH EQUATION Alternative Formula: if incase the given is only tCO2 and pCO2

A

pH = 6.1 + log tCO2 − (pCO2 x 0.03)
pCO2 x 0.03

97
Q

Representative conjugate base
Maintains pH at normal level
Measured directly
___: renal regulatory mechanism

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
kidney

98
Q

Weak acid
Not directly measured; it is measured thru the breakdown products specifically pCO2 (representative of H2CO3)
tCO2 = HCO3- + H2CO3
___: respiratory regulatory
mechanism

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Lungs

99
Q

body’s mechanism which allows it to revert back the pH level into normal
range
One buffer system adjusts for the other buffer system which has primary disturbance

A

Degree of Compensation

100
Q

Primary Disturbance

A

HCO3 (22-29mmol/L)
Metabolic acidosis <22 mmol/L
Metabolic alkalosis >29 mmol/L
pCO2 represent H2CO3 (35-45mmHg)
Respiratory alkalosis <35 mmHg
Respiratory acidosis >45 mmHg

101
Q

Degree of Compensation

A

pH pCO2 H2CO3
Non-compensatory A A or N A or N
Partial compensatory A A A
Complete compensatory N A A

102
Q

No compensation
Either pCO2/ H2CO3 is normal; pH is
abnormal
 Ex: _______ - pCO2 is
abnormal, while H2CO3 did not adjust and is normal. Since this is acidosis, pH in effect will be acidic or in abnormal range.

A

Non-compensatory
Respiratory acidosis

103
Q

With compensation but insufficient to
compensate pH → abnormal
pCO2 and H2CO3 are abnormal; pH is
abnormal

A

Partial compensatory

104
Q

 With sufficient compensation; thus
normalizing pH

A

Complete compensatory

105
Q

 Evaluate according to the given result based on normal range
 ↓ pO2 (<85 mmHg) = ____ – using blood sample; or ___ if O2 source is from oxymeters

A

Degree of Oxygenation (pO2= 85-105 mmHg)
hypoxemia
hypoxia

Mild >61; <85
Moderate >41; <60
Severe <40

106
Q

 Evaluate according to the given result based on normal range
 ↓ pO2 (<85 mmHg) = ____ – using blood sample; or ___ if O2 source is from oxymeters

A

Degree of Oxygenation (pO2= 85-105 mmHg)
hypoxemia
hypoxia

Mild >61; <85
Moderate >41; <60
Severe <40

MIDTERMS (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions