endocrine system: main classes of hormones 08/10/22

Question 1

hormone should bind with a

Answer 1

specific receptor —> protein

Question 2

what are the 3 main classes of hormones?

Answer 2

1. amino acids
2. peptide hormones
3. steroid hormones

Question 3

1. amino acid derivates

Answer 3

tyrosine —-> thyroxine, triiodothyronine

tryptophan ——> serotonin, melatonin

Question 4

2. peptide hormones produce

Answer 4

second messengers

Question 5

3. steroid hormones (cholesterol lipid (fat)) derived from

Answer 5

sex hormones: testosterone estrogen

Question 6

two types of cellular proteins

Answer 6

extracellular
on the cell membrane with a bilayer of phospolipids
intracellular
inside of the cell

Question 7

which hormone bind with extracellular receptors and why

Answer 7

peptide hormones bind with extracellular receptors because of the bilayer of phosphlipids

Question 8

which hormone bind with intracellular receptors and why?

Answer 8

steroid hormones bind with intracellular receptors because lipids like lipids

Question 9

what are the receptors for ADH

Answer 9

kidney tubules

Question 10

proteins —>

Answer 10

polypeptides —–> peptides ——> amino acids

Question 11

what are the main characteristics of peptide hormones

Answer 11

polar and cannot pass through plasma membrane

they freely travel in the bloodstream, no need of special carriers

bind to extracellular receptors and trigger the transmission of second messengers

Question 12

what are the main characteristics of steroid hormones

Answer 12

can pass through the plasma membrane

insoluble in blood and care carries by specific proteins

bind to intracellular or intranuclear receptors

remain in circulation longer than peptide hormones since transported by carrier proteins

Question 13

hormone molecule + ______________

peptide + _______________

Answer 13

receptor

extracellular receptor

Question 14

what are the 6 steps when a G-protein is activated

Answer 14

1. G-protein in the cell will be activated
2. Adenylate cyclase is in the cytoplasm
3. G-protein activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase
4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP), cGMP, and calcium
5. cAMP activates an enzyme (kinase attaches a phosphate group to another molecule), responsible for phosphorylation
6. phosphorylation of plasma proteins opens ion channels

Question 15

what are the second messengers when activating a G-protein

Answer 15

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
cyclic glycogenolysis monophosphate (cGMP)
calcium (Ca 2+)

Question 16

diabetes Mellitus

Answer 16

deficiency of insulin

Question 17

acromegaly

Answer 17

overproduction of growth hormone

Question 18

negative feedback in the pancreas

Answer 18

pancreas ——– insulin = low level of glucose
——– glucagon = high level of glucose

glucagon(starch) is in the liver, converts glycogen to glucose

Hyperglycemia occurs when there is a high level of glucose. In order to maintain homeostasis, it will tell the pancreas to stop producing glucagon.

Hypoglycemia occurs when there is a low level of glucose. In order to maintain homeostasis it will tell the pancreas to produce glucagon.