cardiovascular system-blood assignment Flashcards
give 5 functions of the blood
- blood transports:
oxygen from lungs to the tissues due to presence
of hemoglobin in RBC
carbon dioxide from different tissues to the lungs - blood carries nutrients like glucose amino acids,
fatty acids and glycerol from the small intestine to
the liver and then to the rest of the body - blood transports hormones from endocrine
glands to the target cells - blood transports the waste material like uria, uric
acid, etc. from different tissues to the execretoy
organs like kidneys, skin, etc. - blood regulates the ion composition of ECF and
maintains pH by neutralizing lactic acid produced
by skeletal muscles
6.blood transports heat uniformly througout the
body and maintains body temp by vasodilation
and vasoconstriction - due to the presence of thrombocytes (platelets)
blood prevents the loss of fluid by the process of
clotting - due to the presence of leukocytes (WBC) blood protects our body from toxins and disease causing organisms
what are the functions of globulins in the plasma
- immunoglobulins (antibodies)
fight against disease causing substances - transport globulins
transport ions, hormones
ex. metalloproteins: transports metal ions
(Fe2+) - hormone-binding proteins
thyroid binding globulin and transthyretin to
transport thyroid hormones
which blood protein is necessary for blood clotting
thrombocytes (platelets)
what is the difference between plasma and serum
plasma: liquid cell-free portion of blood that is treated with anti-coagulants immediately upon collection
serum: the liquid part of blood after coagulation and is devoid of clotting factors like fibrinogen
define hematocrit
percentage of erythrocytes (RBC) in a whole blood sample
what is the function of erythrocytes
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
what is the structure of hemoglobin
quaternary structure with 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains of polypeptides
function: transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
name 2 diseases due to the malfunctioning of RBC
anemia
sickle cell anemia
which hormone is responsible for maintaining the amount of erythrocytes in the blood
erythropoietin
when is erythropoietin released
- anemia
- when blood flow to the kidneys decreased
- oxygen content of the air in the lungs declines (disease of high altitude)
- lungs are damaged
- hypoxia: low oxygen in peripheral tissues
how is iron from hemoglobin conserved in our body
differentiate hemoglobinuria and hematuria
hemoglobinuria:
formed when large numbers of RBCs are
hemolyzed and when hemoglobin breakdown
products are in urine due to excess hemolysis in
bloodstream
hematuria:
passage of complete RBCs in urine due to the
damage of kidneys
what are the factors that cause anemia
- decrease in the number of circulating RBCs production, perinicious anemia
- due to unavailability of vitamin B12 a reduction in the hemoglobin content
- presence of abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
which vitamin are necessary for erythropoiesis
vitamin b12
vitamin C
folic acid
What are the minerals necessary for erythropoiesis?
Fe
Cu
Mn
What are the three methods of hemostasis in our body?
- vascular phase, vascular spasm: constriction of blood vessels
- platelet phase: formation of a platelet plug
- coagulation phase: formation of a blood clot (coagulation)
What are the different steps in the formation of a platelet plug?
- ADP stimulates platelet aggregation and
- thromboxane A2 and serotonin- stimulate vascular spasm
- clotting factors
- platelet derived growth factor-promotes vessel repair
- calcium ions which activate more platelets and stick them to the originally activated platelets
thus forming a platelet plug blocking the blood loss
What are the three important steps in blood coagulation?
extrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway
common pathway
What are the factors that limit the growth of the platelet plug?
- prostacyclin: released by endothelial cells, inhibits platelet aggregation
- inhibitory compunds released by other WBCs
- circulating enzymes break down ADP
- negative (inhibitory) feedback from serotonin
- development of blood clot isolates area
What are the clotting factors involved in Extrinsic pathway
factor VII—> activated factor VII
factor X—> activated factor X
What are the clotting factors involved in Intrinsic pathway?
factor XI–> activated XI
VIII
factor X
Which factor is produced at the end of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
Factor X
Which vitamin is necessary for the formation of clotting factors?
Vitamin K
Why do anticoagulants predominate in the blood?
prevents coagulation factors from initiating clot formation
coagulation occurs when coagulation factor concentration exceeds a given threshold
at site of injury, threshold is exceeded
What are the different anticoagulants?
antithrombin-III
produced by liver
slowly inactivates thrombin
Heparin
produced by basophils, mast cells, and
endothelial cells
increases effectiveness of antithrombin
Thrombomodulin
released by endothelial cells
activated protein K, which inactivates clotting
factors and stimulates the production of plasmin
Prostacyclin
causes vasodilation and inhibits the release of
coagulating factors from platelets
After blood coagulation, clot retraction takes place. What happens during clot retraction?
also known as syneresis
pulls the torn edges of the vessel together
reduces bleeding and stabilizes the injury site
helps fibroblasts, smooth muscles and endothelial cells to complete repairs
Which enzyme is responsible for fibrinolysis?
thrombin
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
What is the difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis?
hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells
erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells
What are the elements necessary in our diet to prevent anemia?
vitamin B12
iron
copper
What is the difference between margination and emigration?
margination
WBCs in the blood adhere to the walls of the capillaries
emigration (diapedesis)
the movement of the WBCs through the walls of the capillaries in to the tissues
What are the different granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes?
granular leukocytes
contain granules in the cytoplasm
agranular leukocytes
lack granules in the cytoplasm
Which leukocytes are phagocytic in function?
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
What is pus?
What is leukemia?
What is the basis of ABO blood grouping?