cardiovascular system-blood assignment

Question 1

give 5 functions of the blood

Answer 1

1. blood transports:
   oxygen from lungs to the tissues due to presence
   of hemoglobin in RBC
   carbon dioxide from different tissues to the lungs
2. blood carries nutrients like glucose amino acids,
   fatty acids and glycerol from the small intestine to
   the liver and then to the rest of the body
3. blood transports hormones from endocrine
   glands to the target cells
4. blood transports the waste material like uria, uric
   acid, etc. from different tissues to the execretoy
   organs like kidneys, skin, etc.
5. blood regulates the ion composition of ECF and
   maintains pH by neutralizing lactic acid produced
   by skeletal muscles
   6.blood transports heat uniformly througout the
   body and maintains body temp by vasodilation
   and vasoconstriction
6. due to the presence of thrombocytes (platelets)
   blood prevents the loss of fluid by the process of
   clotting
7. due to the presence of leukocytes (WBC) blood protects our body from toxins and disease causing organisms

Question 2

what are the functions of globulins in the plasma

Answer 2

1. immunoglobulins (antibodies)
   fight against disease causing substances
2. transport globulins
   transport ions, hormones
   ex. metalloproteins: transports metal ions
   (Fe2+)
3. hormone-binding proteins
   thyroid binding globulin and transthyretin to
   transport thyroid hormones

Question 3

which blood protein is necessary for blood clotting

Answer 3

thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 4

what is the difference between plasma and serum

Answer 4

plasma: liquid cell-free portion of blood that is treated with anti-coagulants immediately upon collection
serum: the liquid part of blood after coagulation and is devoid of clotting factors like fibrinogen

Question 5

define hematocrit

Answer 5

percentage of erythrocytes (RBC) in a whole blood sample

Question 6

what is the function of erythrocytes

Answer 6

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 7

what is the structure of hemoglobin

Answer 7

quaternary structure with 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains of polypeptides

function: transport oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

Question 8

name 2 diseases due to the malfunctioning of RBC

Answer 8

anemia

sickle cell anemia

Question 9

which hormone is responsible for maintaining the amount of erythrocytes in the blood

Answer 9

erythropoietin

Question 10

when is erythropoietin released

Answer 10

1. anemia
2. when blood flow to the kidneys decreased
3. oxygen content of the air in the lungs declines (disease of high altitude)
4. lungs are damaged
5. hypoxia: low oxygen in peripheral tissues

Question 11

how is iron from hemoglobin conserved in our body

Question 12

differentiate hemoglobinuria and hematuria

Answer 12

hemoglobinuria:
formed when large numbers of RBCs are
hemolyzed and when hemoglobin breakdown
products are in urine due to excess hemolysis in
bloodstream

hematuria:
passage of complete RBCs in urine due to the
damage of kidneys

Question 13

what are the factors that cause anemia

Answer 13

1. decrease in the number of circulating RBCs production, perinicious anemia
2. due to unavailability of vitamin B12 a reduction in the hemoglobin content
3. presence of abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs

Question 14

which vitamin are necessary for erythropoiesis

Answer 14

vitamin b12
vitamin C
folic acid

Question 15

What are the minerals necessary for erythropoiesis?

Answer 15

Fe
Cu
Mn

Question 16

What are the three methods of hemostasis in our body?

Answer 16

1. vascular phase, vascular spasm: constriction of blood vessels
2. platelet phase: formation of a platelet plug
3. coagulation phase: formation of a blood clot (coagulation)

Question 17

What are the different steps in the formation of a platelet plug?

Answer 17

1. ADP stimulates platelet aggregation and
2. thromboxane A2 and serotonin- stimulate vascular spasm
3. clotting factors
4. platelet derived growth factor-promotes vessel repair
5. calcium ions which activate more platelets and stick them to the originally activated platelets

thus forming a platelet plug blocking the blood loss

Question 18

What are the three important steps in blood coagulation?

Answer 18

extrinsic pathway
intrinsic pathway
common pathway

Question 19

What are the factors that limit the growth of the platelet plug?

Answer 19

1. prostacyclin: released by endothelial cells, inhibits platelet aggregation
2. inhibitory compunds released by other WBCs
3. circulating enzymes break down ADP
4. negative (inhibitory) feedback from serotonin
5. development of blood clot isolates area

Question 20

What are the clotting factors involved in Extrinsic pathway

Answer 20

factor VII—> activated factor VII

factor X—> activated factor X

Question 21

What are the clotting factors involved in Intrinsic pathway?

Answer 21

factor XI–> activated XI
VIII
factor X

Question 22

Which factor is produced at the end of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

Answer 22

Factor X

Question 23

Which vitamin is necessary for the formation of clotting factors?

Answer 23

Vitamin K

Question 24

Why do anticoagulants predominate in the blood?

Answer 24

prevents coagulation factors from initiating clot formation

coagulation occurs when coagulation factor concentration exceeds a given threshold

at site of injury, threshold is exceeded

Question 25

What are the different anticoagulants?

Answer 25

antithrombin-III
produced by liver
slowly inactivates thrombin

Heparin
produced by basophils, mast cells, and
endothelial cells
increases effectiveness of antithrombin

Thrombomodulin
released by endothelial cells
activated protein K, which inactivates clotting
factors and stimulates the production of plasmin
Prostacyclin
causes vasodilation and inhibits the release of
coagulating factors from platelets

Question 26

After blood coagulation, clot retraction takes place. What happens during clot retraction?

Answer 26

also known as syneresis
pulls the torn edges of the vessel together
reduces bleeding and stabilizes the injury site
helps fibroblasts, smooth muscles and endothelial cells to complete repairs

Question 27

Which enzyme is responsible for fibrinolysis?

Answer 27

thrombin

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

Question 28

What is the difference between hematopoiesis and erythropoiesis?

Answer 28

hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells

erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells

Question 29

What are the elements necessary in our diet to prevent anemia?

Answer 29

vitamin B12
iron
copper

Question 30

What is the difference between margination and emigration?

Answer 30

margination
WBCs in the blood adhere to the walls of the capillaries

emigration (diapedesis)
the movement of the WBCs through the walls of the capillaries in to the tissues

Question 31

What are the different granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes?

Answer 31

granular leukocytes
contain granules in the cytoplasm

agranular leukocytes
lack granules in the cytoplasm

Question 32

Which leukocytes are phagocytic in function?

Answer 32

neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes

Question 33

What is pus?

Question 34

What is leukemia?

Question 35

What is the basis of ABO blood grouping?