Endocrine System & Blood Flashcards
what do endocrine glands release
releases hormones directly into the bloodstream
what are hormones?
-chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
-act on target cells in other parts of the
3 functions of endocrine system
-control & regulate
-metabolism
-homeostasis
what does the endocrine system control and regulate?
registers body functions by secreting hormones
what is homeostasis?
helps maintain normal body structure, function, and health
where is the hypothalamus location
diencephalon of brain
3 functions of the hypothalamus
-body temp regulation
-appetite control
-sleep-wake cycles
what connects the cerebral cortex and the endocrine system?
the hypothalamus
what does the hypothalamus control?
activities of the pituitary gland!!
anterior pituitary
front part of the pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland
back of pituitary gland
what hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary (6)
-Growth hormone (GH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-Prolactin
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
-Luteinzing hormone (LH)
growth hormone
growth of the animal
prolactin
starting milk production
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-stimulates thyroid gland
-maintain homeostasis
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-stimulates adrenal glands
-fight or flight response
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
-stimulates follicle growth on ovaries
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovulation - egg released from follicle
Where are posterior pituitary hormones produced and stored
PRODUCED in hypothalamus and STORED in posterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary hormones (3)
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-oxytocin
-GnRH
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
helps to conserve water in the body
oxytocin
release smooth muscles, lets milk production down
GnRH
-comes from hypothalamus
-acts on pituitary
-causes FSH & LH
2 hormones produced by ovaries
-estrogen (heat signs)
-progesterone (maintains pregnancy)
hormone produced by testicles
testosterone - makes males animal look masculine, sperm production
control of hormone secretion
positive and negative feedback
positive feedback
when a hormone produced by target gland stimulates furthers production of target hormone
negative feedback
when a hormone produced by the target gland inhibits further production of target hormone
what is blood? (4)
-fluid
-flows through arteries and veins
-transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
-removes CO2 and other waste
composition of blood (2)
-clear liquid
-suspended cells
what is plasma?
-mostly water
-dissolved substances
-clotting factors
what are suspended cells?
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
functions of blood (3)
-transportation
-regulation
-defense
what does blood transport (6)
-hemoglobin
-nutrients
-waste products
-hormones
-white blood cells
-platelets
what is a hemoglobin
-a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to all parts of body
-contains iron (gives red color)
where are nutrients transported to in blood?
nutrients dissolved in plasma are carried to tissues
where are waste products carried to in blood?
to lungs and kidneys for removal from body
where are hormones transported from and to in the bloodstream
from endocrine glands to target organs
where are platelets carried to in the bloodstream?
carried to site of blood vessel damage to control bleeding
what does blood regulate (2)
-tissue fluid content
-body temperature
what part of blood defends?
-white blood cells defend against infection
-platelets against blood loss
what do platelets do?
-defend against blood loss
-forms a plug inside damaged vessels
-involved in ACTIVATION of clotting cascade
what is hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
where does hematopoiesis occur in a fetus, newborn/growing animal, and an adult
-fetus - liver and spleen
-newborn/growing animal- bone marrow of most bones
-adult - bone marrow of skill, ribs, sternum, vertebral column, pelvis, femur
red blood cell shape
-bioconcave
-donut without a complete hole through center
do red blood cells have nuclei or mitochondria?
no, used glucose as energy
can red blood cells change shape?
yes to travel through vessels of varying sizes
life span of red blood cells
150-160 days in livestock
anemia
lower than normal number of red blood cells
signs of anemia
pale mucous membranes
causes of anemia
-blood loss
-increase of RBC destruction
-decrease of RBC production
what 2 products do red blood cells transport
-oxygen to tissues
-waste products (CO2) to lungs to be exhaled
platelet shape
round or oval but much smaller than RBC
does platelets have a nucleus?
no, has small granules in cytoplasm which has Ca and clotting factors
what is needed for a blood clot?
Ca and clotting factors
how long do platelets live?
5-7 days in circulating blood
platelet functions (2)
-formation of platelet plug
-activation of the coagulation (clotting cascade)
leukocytes
white blood cells
where are WBC produced
in bone marrow
where do WBC work
tissues of body (not bloodstream)
5 types of WBC
GRANULAR:
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
AGRANULAR:
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
WBC function
-defend against foreign bodies
-each type has its unique role in defense
first responder WBC
neutrophils
neutrophils (4)
-40-75% of WBC
-circulate abt 10 hours then enter tissues
-stay until death or destroyed
-function in early inflammatory response
lymphocytes
important in immune system function
3 types of lymphocytes
-T Cells
-B cells
-natural killers
T-cells
can attack antigens (foreign substances) and other immune cell responses
B Cells
produce antibodies which bind to and destroy antigens
natural killer cells
respond to viruses
