Anatomy & Physiology of Cells

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

the most basic structural unit of animals and plants

Question 2

7 Functions of cells

Answer 2

• Metabolism
• Growth
• Reproduce
• Adapt
• Respire
• Maintain
• Be Influenced
• Convert

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

chemical processes needed for life

Question 4

Growth

Answer 4

organisms increases in size

Question 5

Reproduce

Answer 5

make more of the same cell type

Question 6

Adapt

Answer 6

to different condition

Question 7

Respire

Answer 7

cells use oxygen to break down sugar and obtain energy

Question 8

Maintain

Answer 8

stable internal environment

Question 9

Be influenced

Answer 9

by outside stimuli

Question 10

Convert

Answer 10

food to usable energy

Question 11

Cell Type Examples

Answer 11

• Epithelial cells
• Sperm cells
• Osteocytes
• Myocytes

Question 12

3 Essential Structures of Cells

Answer 12

• Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane
• Cytoplasm (inside cell besides nucleus)
• Nucleus

Question 13

1. Cell/Plasma Membrane

Answer 13

flexible barrier allows for control of substances in and out of the cell

Question 14

2. Cytoplasm

Answer 14

everything inside cell membrane besides nucleus and genetic material

Question 15

Cytosol

Answer 15

jellylike material that allows molecules to be transported throughout cell and supports the cell membrane

Question 16

3. Cytoskeleton

Answer 16

flexible tubules & filaments that provide strength & structure, helps maintain shape

Question 17

Organelles (little organs)

Answer 17

perform metabolic functions (chemical processes)

Question 18

4. Mitochondria

Answer 18

• powerhouse of the cell
• site of cellular respiration which produces ATP
• produces 95% of energy that fuels the cell

Question 19

5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 19

• produces, modifies, packages proteins to be exported from cell
  (has ribosomes attached to it)

Question 20

6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 20

produces, modifies, packages lipids (fats) & carbohydrates (sugars)

Question 21

7. Ribosomes (free)

Answer 21

• site of protein synthesis for cell use
• made of RNA & protein

Question 22

8. Golgi Apparatus

Answer 22

• modification, packaging, & distribution center for molecules intended for secretion (substances leaving the cell) or use by the cell itself
• produces lysosomes

Question 23

9. Lysosomes

Answer 23

• contain enzymes for digestion of absorbed material and for waste produced by the cell
  if lysosomes rupture, the enzymes will destroy the cell

Question 24

10. Nucleus

Answer 24

• largest organelle in cell - most cells have at least 1
• many shapes - spherical, segmented, flat, oval
• control center of the cell
• maintains hereditary info (DNA) which varies for each species & controls cellular activities by making proteins

Question 25

4 parts of Nucleus

Answer 25

Nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin
Nucleoli

Question 26

11. Chromatin

Answer 26

• threadlike strands of genetic material in nucleus (present when cell is NOT dividing)
• made up of DNA
• condenses into coiled X-shaped structures called chromosomes when cell is going to divide

Question 27

12. Nucleolus

Answer 27

• 2 subunits that make up ribosomes are made here
• ribosomes are important for making proteins
• subunits are exported out of nucleus and are put together in the cytoplasm to form functional ribosomes

Question 28

13. Centrioles

Answer 28

anchor points used during cell division