Endocrine system Flashcards
What is a hormone
Chemicals that are transported through the blood
What is a neurohormone, give an example
Neurons that secrete product into the blood - EX. NE
What is a neurotransmitter - Give an example
Produced by neurons and travel to other neurons or effector organs - EX. NE
What are the 2 types of chemical makeup a hormone can be composed of
- Water/ Protein soluble hormone - Composed of amino acids and peptides
- Lipid/Fat soluble hormone - Composed of Cholesterol
What are the 3 characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones - Give Example
- Travel through blood attached to a blood protein carrier (Bond hormone)
- Enters the nuclear membrane and alters DNA
- Takes longer to leave the cell
EX. Estrogen, test, progest
What are the 2 characteristics of water/protein soluble proteins - Give examples
- Move freely through the blood, binding to receptor cells
- Travel and exit the body fast
EX. TSH, E, NE
Which is the most common hormone
Water/ Protein soluble hormones
What hormone acts like a lipid-based hormone but is actually a water/protein soluble hormone
Thyroid hormones - Needs a bond hormone to travel through the blood, alters DNA, short lived
What is secretion of glands and what are the 3 types of secretion, give examples
The trigger to secrete hormones of a gland
EX.
- Hormonal: Other hormones (TSH stimulates the secretion of T3/T4)
- Neural: Nervous system, sympathetic nervous system stimulates the secretion of NE, E
- Humoral: Body fluids, ADH
What mechanism is used for the regulation of hormones
Negative Feedback
What is another name for the pituitary gland and the structures inside
Pituitary gland: Hypophysis
Anterior PTG: Adenohypophysis
Posterior PTG: Neurohypophysis
What is the Neurohypophysis composed of and what hormones does it secrete
Composed of nervous tissue and connected to the infundibulum, it secretes hormones but does not produce them, ADH and Oxytocin
What gland produces and secretes Oxytocin, and what is the effect
- The hypothalamus makes oxytocin
- Secreted by the neurohypophysis
- Stimulates smooth muscle of the uterus, milk let down reflex
What does ADH stand for, where is it made and how is it secreted
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Made from the hypothalamus
- Secreted by the neruohypophysis
What are the effects of ADH and what organ does it effect.
The kidney tubules are affected - water is retained by the kidneys causing an increase in Blood volume, blood pressure, and constricts blood vessels
What triggers the secretion of ADH, and what are some abnormal conditions found
Triggers that cause the secretion of ADH are dehydration, and low BP
Abnormal conditions would be diabetes insipidus - caused by low ADH (PU/PD, low BP)
What is the Adenohypophysis composed of and what hormones does it secrete
The adenohypophysis is composed of epithelial tissue and it secrete tropic and Non - tropic hormones
What is a tropic hormone and list what they are
Tropic hormones turn on other hormones to start secreting
TSH, ACTH, FSH/LH
What does TSH stand for, what organ does it stimulate. Tropic or Nontropic. What are the hypothalamic hormones involved that stimulate TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone, stimulates the follicular cells of the thyroid into secreting T3/T4. Tropic
- TRH
What does ACTH stand for, and what organ does it stimulate? Tropic or Nontropic. What are the hypothalamic hormones involved that stimulate ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic, stimulates the adrenal cortex into secreting cortisol, aldosterone, androgen. Tropic.
- CRH
What does FSH/LH stand for, what organ does it stimulate. Tropic or Nontropic. What are the hypothalamic hormones that stimulate FSH/LH
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone stimulates the gonads into secreting estrogen, and testosterone. Tropic
- GnRH
What does GH stand for, what organ does it stimulate. Tropic or Nontropic
Growth hormone affects the liver, skeletal muscle, bones, adipose and cartilage. Non tropic
What does PRL stand for, what hormone does it secrete, how does it affect the body and what are the hypothalamic hormones that stimulate and inhibit PRL. Tropic or nontropic
Prolactin, secretions of progesterone in ovaries after ovulation, Effects milk production in women
- PRH/PIH
- Nontropic
What is a hypothalamus neurohormone
Adenohypophysis are controlled by hypothalamus neurohormones that tell the adenohypophysis when to release and when to inhibit secretion
What is the hypothalamic portal system
The tissue that connects the adenohypophysis and the hypothalamus
Where is GH made and secreted, what organ does it affect
Growth hormone is made and secreted by the adenohypophysis, the target organs are every tissue in the body, liver, bones, cartilage, adipose, SM:
How does GH affect target organs such as the liver, skeletal muscles, ect: List the hypothalamic hormones
- Release and increase of glucose into the blood by stimulating liver hormones
- Stimulates growth of SM, bones and cartilage
- GHRH,
What triggers GH secretion, List the hypothalamic hormone that stimulate and inhibit GH and abnormal conditions
Low blood sugar, exercise
- GHRH/ GHIH
Before puberty GH secretion
- Increased: Gigantism
- Decrease: Dwarfism
After puberty GH secretion
- Increased: Acromegaly
- Decreased: Normal
