Endocrine System Flashcards by Emily H

Role of endocrine system

Homeostasis - maintain normal balance of body internal environment
(Slower changes)

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What do the endocrine glands secrete

Hormones - chemical messengers

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Endocrine glands

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid glands
4 parathyroid glands
Thymus
2 adrenal glands
Pancreatic islets
2 ovaries OR 2 testes

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What processes do hormones influence

Growth and development
Stress response
Nutrition
Reproduction

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How do disorders of endocrine system occur

Too much (hyper) of a hormone being produced.
Too little (hypo) of a hormone produced.

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What results in a lack of insulin being produced

Diabetes - endocrine disorder

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Why study endocrine system

Clinical presentation
Oral manifestations of endocrine diseases
Behaviour
Medical emergencies

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Where is the pituitary gland situated and what attaches it

In hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone below hypothalamus.
Attached to hypothalamus by a stalk

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What system do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland work

Negative feedback regulation

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What is negative feedback

Helps control homeostasis within body;
Releases hormones when levels are too low.
Initiates changes to decrease production of hormone if levels too high.

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Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Corticotrophin releasing hormone
Gonadotrophins

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Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

Oxytocin
Anti diuretic hormone

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Functions of growth hormone in children

Promotes growth of;
Skeleton
Muscles
Connective tissue
Kidneys
Liver
Pancreas
Adrenal glands

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Function of growth hormone in adults

Maintenance and repair

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Function of thyroid stimulating hormone

TSH stimulates growth and activity of thyroid gland

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Function of adrenocorticotrophic hormone

ACTH stimulates activity of adrenal cortex, increases output of steroid hormones (cortisol)

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Function of prolactin

Stimulates lactation (milk production) after birth.
Gonadotrophin hormones released in response to luteinising hormone from hypothalamus.

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What occurs after puberty in the anterior pituitary

2 gonadotrophic (sex hormones) in males and females

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Follicle stimulating hormone

Stimulates production of gametes

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Luteinising hormones

Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen/progesterone
And
Testes to secrete testosterone

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Function of oxytocin

Promotes contraction of uterus.
Works with prolactin to produce breast milk.

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Function of anti diuretic hormone (vasopressin)

Influences resorption of water by kidney tubules, results in concentration of urine.
Stimulates contraction of muscular tissues of capillaries and arterials, results in raised blood pressure.

Where is the thyroid gland situated

In the neck
Front of larynx and trachea

Hormones secreted by thyroid gland

Thyroxine
Triiodothyonine
Calcitonin

What is essential for production of thyroid hormones

Iodine

Functions of thyroxine and t3 (triiodothyronine)

Physical growth and mental development Metabolism Nervous and cardiovascular systems Mobility of GI tract Female reproductive cycle and lactation

Functions of calcitonin

Regulates blood calcium Storage of calcium in bones Excretion of calcium by kidneys Opposes action of parathormone

Hormone produced by parathyroid gland and function

Parathormone. Important in maintenance of plasma calcium levels. Works with calcitonin to regulate blood calcium.

How does parathormone raise blood calcium

Uptake by small intestine Around resorted by kidneys

Why is calcium needed

Muscle contraction Blood clotting Nerve impulse transmission

Where are the adrenal glands situation

Small triangle shaped glands that sit on top of the kidneys

2 parts of adrenal glands

Cortex - outer Medulla - inner

What regulated hormone secretion in adrenal glands

Negative feedback system from hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Hormones produced in adrenal gland

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Function of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Glucose metabolism produce in response to stress.

Unwanted side effects of glucocorticoids

Suppress immune system and wound healing.

Functions of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

Electrolyte balance in the body. Regulate volumes of sodium and potassium. Secreted when low blood sodium levels are present or when potassium increases.

Hormones produced by adrenal medulla

Epinephrine- adrenaline Norepinephrine- noradrenaline

What response is adrenaline concerned with

Fight or flight

Effects of adrenaline

Increase in; metabolic rate, heart rate and blood pressure. Dilation of; pupils, bronchioles, blood vessels of muscles, heart and brain. Converts glycogen to glucose.

Effects/function of noradrenaline

Maintenance of blood pressure Vasoconstriction (expect coronary arteries)

Hormones secreted by pancreatic islets

Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin

What hormones are concerned with maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels

Insulin Glucose

What hormones inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

Somatostatin

Function of insulin

Regulate blood glucose and other absorbed nutrients. Reduces blood glucose levels.

Functions of glucagon

Increases blood glucose levels. Converts glycogen into glucose and gluconeogenesis.

Hormones produced by ovaries and their function

Oestrogen and progesterone; Regulate menstrual cycle Sexual maturity in women.

Hormones produced by testes

Spermatozoa and testosterone. Sexual maturity in men Secondary sexual characteristics.

Location and secretion of thymus gland

In chest behind sternum. Secretes hormone thymosin.

Function of thymosin

Development of T-lymphocytes for cell mediated immunity. Responsible for growth and maturation of thymus and other lymph tissue. As we get older, production declines along with T-lymphocyte effectiveness.

Hormone secretion of pineal gland

Produces hormone melatonin. Secretion is suppressed by daylight.

Melatonin functions

Inhibits development of ovaries and testes before puberty. Initiates and maintains sleep.

What does the thymus gland play an important part in

Immunity