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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Compare the exocrine and endocrine glands.

A

Exocrine: Produce non-hormonal substances, require ducts.

Endocrine: Produce hormones, ductless.

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2
Q

Chemical messengers

A
  1. Protein hormones: peptides, growth hormone, insulin
  2. Biogenic amines: Modified amino acids, dopamine
  3. Steroid hormones: Cholesterol precursor, cortisol
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3
Q

Hormones

A

-Proteins are water soluble. They cannot pass because of the phospholipid bilayer. They need a transporter on the surface of the cell membrane to bring it in.

-Steroids are not water soluble. They have an intracellular receptor and plasma transport proteins.

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4
Q

Endocrine vs paracrine vs autocrine

A

(a) glands secrete hormones in the blood stream

(b) cells secrete substances that affect locally

(c) cells secrete substances that affect the same cell

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5
Q

Negative Feedback
Mechanisms

A

Response brings the situation BACK TOWARD NORMAL

Ex: the pancreas secrets insulin in response to high glucose levels. insulin causes liver cells to take up blood glucose. Glucose levels in blood decline, and insulin levels drop.

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6
Q

Positive Feedback
Mechanisms

A

Moves situation further and further away from normal

Ex: a baby breastfeeds, and the hypothalamus signals posterior pituitary to release oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates milk release.

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7
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary secretes:
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
-Follicle-stimulating hormone
-Growth hormone
-Luteinizing hormone
-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
-Prolactin
-Thyroid stimulating hormone

Posterior pituitary releases:
-Antidiuretic
-Oxytocin

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8
Q

Pineal gland

A

Hangs from third ventricle of diencephalon

Pinealocytes produce melatonin

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9
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone

-Connected by medial tissued called isthmus
-Largest pure endocrine gland
-Located in anterior surface of trachea
-Internally composed of spherical follicles, follicle cells are simple cuboidal cells that secrete thyroid hormone
-Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin

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10
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

-Chief cells: secrete parathyroid hormone, regulate blood calcium levels via osteoclasts, intestines, and kidneys

-Oxyphil cells: function unknown

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11
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex:

Zona glomerulosa
– Outer
– Mineralocorticosteroids
* Control balance of minerals & H2O in blood
* Aldosterone

Zona fasiculata
- Glucocorticoids
* Metabolic hormones
* Cortisol

Zona reticularis
- Gonadocorticoids
* Androgens (sex
hormones)

Adrenal medulla:
- Spherical chromaffin cells
– Formed from neural crest cells
– Innervated by preganglionic sympathetic axons of ANS
– Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

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12
Q

Thymus

A

The thymus is a gland in the chest that produces and matures white blood cells called T-lymphocytes, or T-cells, which are a key part of the body’s immune system.

-Deep in thorax to the sternum
-Large in children and diminishes in size in adults
-Produces thymopoetin & thymosins

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13
Q

Heart

A

Atria contain endocrine cells

Produce atriopeptin also called atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone

Increase in blood volume, stretch in the wall of the heart, atriopeptin release, water and sodium loss from the blood in to the urine.

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14
Q

Kidneys

A

Release several hormones and renin, which is important for blood pressure

Calcitrol: Steroid hormone, form of Vitamin D, stimulates calcium & phosphate absorption from small intestine

Erythropoietin: Peptide hormone produced when oxygen in blood is low, stimulates production of red
blood cells

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15
Q

GI tract

A

Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Gastrin
Secretin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

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16
Q

Testes

A

Androgens
Inhibin

-Sperm maturation
-Protein synthesis in muscles
-Male secondary characteristics

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17
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogen:
-Produced by follicular cells
-Female secondary characteristics
-Follicle stimulation

Progesterone:
-Produced by corpus luteum
-Prepares uterus for implantation
-Prepares mammary glands for
secretion

Relaxins:
-Produced by corpus luteum
-Relaxes uterine muscles
-Stimulates mammary development

Inhibin:
-Produced by follicular cells
-Inhibits FSH production by pituitary

18
Q

Anterior pituitary process

A

1) When appropriately stimulated,
hypothalamic neurons secrete
releasing or inhibiting hormones
into the primary capillary plexus.

2) Hypothalamic hormones travel
through portal veins to the anterior
pituitary where they stimulate or
inhibit release of hormones made
in the anterior pituitary.

3) In response to releasing
hormones, the anterior pituitary
secretes hormones into the
secondary capillary plexus. This in
turn empties into the general
circulation.

19
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Tropic hormones– stimulate hormone secretion from other endocrine glands or cells.

  1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which regulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
  2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex.
  5. Growth hormone (GH)

Non-tropic

  1. Prolactin (PRL) regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
  2. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
20
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

-Consists of neural tissue called pars nervosa, which stores and releases ADH and oxytocin.

-ADH: Vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone which affects blood volume/blood pressure

-Oxytocin: Uterine contractions, milk production, and coitus

21
Q

Process of posterior pituitary

A

1) Hypothalamic neurons stimulate oxytocin or ADH

2) Transported down the axons of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary.

3) Oxytocin and ADH are stored in neurosecretory bodies in the posterior pituitary.

4) When associated hypothalamic neurons fire, nerve impulses cause oxytocin or ADH to be released in to the blood.

22
Q

Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?

A

Parathyroid gland

23
Q

The ______ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.

A

pituitary

24
Q

Endocrine organs are located in ______.

A

highly vascularized areas

25
Q

The large anterior part of the anterior pituitary is the ______.

A

pars distalis

26
Q

Cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called _______ cells.

A

target/receptor

27
Q

Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

28
Q

The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ______ bone.

A

sphenoid

29
Q

The part of the pituitary gland that both produces and secretes hormones is the ______ pituitary.

A

anterior

30
Q

The posterior surface of the thyroid gland is the location of the __________ glands.

A

parathyroid

31
Q

The parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin in response to ______ blood calcium levels.

A

increased

32
Q

Which type of diabetes results from either decreased insulin release by the pancreatic beta cells or decreased insulin effectiveness at peripheral tissues?

A

Type 2

33
Q

Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone ______.

A

atrial naturetic peptide

34
Q

The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the ______.

A

epithalamus

35
Q

The primary cells of the adrenal medulla are called ______ cells.

A

chromaffin

36
Q

Which of these are hormone(s) and enzyme(s) that the kidneys secrete?

A

Erythropoietin
Calcitriol
Renin

37
Q

Atriopeptin, ANP, from the heart is released in response to which of the following?

A

Excessive stretch in the atrium

38
Q

The kidneys secrete hormones that help with which functions?

A

Electrolyte concentration
Increase in blood pressure
Increase in blood volume
Red blood cell production

39
Q

The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the ________.

A

epithalamus

40
Q

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary?

A

-Pars tuberalis
-Pars intermedia
-Pars distalis

41
Q

What are the two parts of the posterior pituitary?

A

-Infundibular stalk
-Pars nervosa

42
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Behind stomach
  • Mixed gland, both endocrine & exocrine
  • Mostly made of acinar cells
  • Exocrine
    – Produce alkaline pancreatic juice
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Islets of Langerhans produce pancreatic hormones
  • Alpha cells– Glucagon
  • Beta cells– Insulin
  • Delta cells– Somatostatin
  • F cells– Pancreatic polypeptide
    – Regulates blood sugar level &
    digestion rate

Anatomy (18 decks)

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