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Anatomy > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Simple epithelia

A

single layer of cells

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2
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

two or more layers of cells

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3
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flattened and scalelike with flattened nucleus

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4
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Boxlike with round nucleus in the center

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5
Q

Columnar cells

A

Tall, columnlike shape with elongated nucleus in the center.

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6
Q

Describe simple epithelia cells

A

-diffusion and filtration
-absorption
-secretion

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7
Q

Describe simple squamous cells

A

Function:
-Allows materials to pass by
diffusion and filtration
-Secretes lubricating substances in
serosae.

Location:
-Air sacs of lungs
-lining of heart, blood vessels, and
lymphatic vessels (Endothelium)
-lining of serosae found in ventral
body cavity (Mesothelium)
-Kidney glomeruli

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8
Q

Describe simple cuboidal cells

A

Description: Single layer of
cubelike cells with large, spherical
central nuclei.

Function: Secretion and
absorption.

Location
-Kidney tubules
-Secretory portions of small glands
-Ovary surface

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9
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium

A

Description:
-Single layer of tall cells with oval
nuclei
-Some cells bear cilia
-May contain mucus-secreting
glands (goblet cells).

Function:
-Absorption; secretion of mucus,
enzymes,
-Ciliated type propels mucus (or
reproductive cells) by ciliary
action.

Location:
-Non ciliated form: lines most of the
digestive tract (stomach to rectum),
gallbladder, and excretory ducts of
some glands;
-Ciliated form: lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and uterus.

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10
Q

Describe the pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

A

Description: Single layer of cells
of differing heights, some not
reaching the free surface; nuclei
seen at different levels; may
contain mucus-secreting cells
and bear cilia.

Function: Secrete substances,
particularly mucus; propulsion of
mucus by ciliary action.

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11
Q

Describe stratified epithelia

A

Two or more cell layers

-Protection is major role
-Regenerate from below
-Basal cells divide
-Cells migrate to surface
-More durable than simple epithelia

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12
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Description: Thick membrane -
several cell layers
-Basal cells are cuboidal or
columnar and metabolically active;
-surface cells are flattened
(squamous)
-in the keratinized type, the surface
cells are full of keratin and dead

Function: Protects underlying
tissues in areas subjected to
abrasion.

Description: Thick membrane -
several cell layers
-Basal cells are cuboidal or
columnar and metabolically active;
-surface cells are flattened
(squamous)
-in the keratinized type, the surface
cells are full of keratin and dead

Location:
-Nonkeratinized type: esophagus,
mouth, and vagina
-keratinized variety: epidermis of
the skin

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13
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Description: Generally two layers of cube like cells

Function: Protection

Location: Ducts of glands

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14
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Description: Two or more layers of cells; apical layer columnar

Function: Protection and
secretion

Location: Rare; Male
urethra

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15
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Description:
-Surface cells dome shaped or
squamouslike, depending on
degree of organ stretch.
-Basal cells cuboidal or columnar;

Function: Permit distention of
urinary organs when filled with
urine

Description:
-Surface cells dome shaped or
squamouslike, depending on
degree of organ stretch.
-Basal cells cuboidal or columnar;

Location: Lines the ureters,
bladder, and part of the urethra.

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16
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

-Physical protection (Bodyguard for delicate organs)

-Support and structural framework

-Connect the tissues and organs

-Storage (Fat, Calcium, Phosphorus)

-Transport (Blood transports nutrients to different parts of the body)

-Immune protection (White blood cells protect the body against disease)

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17
Q

What are some of the characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  1. Cells
    -Scattered throughout tissue
    -Specific to each tissue (e.g.,
    Osteoblast, Chondroblast)
    -Extracellular matrix
  2. Protein fibers
    -Collagen
    -Elastic
    -Reticular
  3. Ground substance
    -Largely nonliving extracellular matrix
    separates cells
    -So can bear weight, withstand
    tension, endure abuse

(Together with the protein fibers forms the extracellular matrix)

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18
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A

-Thick, strongest and most
abundant type
-Tough and flexible provides
high tensile (stretching)
strength
-Found in tendons, ligaments,
dermis

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19
Q

Describe elastin fibers

A

-Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil (rubber band)
-Found in arteries, lung, skin

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20
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

-Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
-Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”
-Found in (Spleen, lymph nodes )

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21
Q

Describe ground substance

A

Gel-like material composed of:

  • Interstitial fluid
  • Cell adhesion proteins (“glue” for attachment)
  • Proteoglycans
  • Protein core + large polysaccharides
  • Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance
  • Blood – highly viscous
  • Cartilage - semisolid
  • Bone - solid
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22
Q

“Blast” cells

A

-Immature form
-Mitotically active
-Secrete ground substance and fibers

Types:
1. Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
2. Chondroblasts in cartilage
3. Osteoblasts in bone
4. Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

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23
Q

“Cyte” cells

A

– Mature form
– Maintain matrix

Types:
1. Fibrocyte in connective tissue proper
2. Chondrocytes in cartilage
3. Osteocytes in bone
4. RBCs, WBCs, & Macrophages in blood

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24
Q

Mesenchymal vs mucous connective tissue

A

Common origin for all connective tissue types vs support of structures in umbilical cord attaching fetus to mother.

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25
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function.

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26
Q

Histology is the study of ________

A

tissues

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27
Q

What are the four kinds of primary tissue?

A

-epithelial (lining of digestive tract organs and epidermis)

-connective (supports, protects, and binds other tissues together)

-muscle (contracts to cause movement)

-nerve (internal communication)

28
Q

What are the two types of epithelium by location?

A

-covering and lining epithelia

-glandular epithelia

29
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A

-cellularity: tissue contains mostly tightly packed epithelial cells, and there is a small amount of extracellular matrix.

-polarity: apical surface exposed to exterior or cavity, and basal surface (lower, attached). Apical surface may be smooth and slick but often has microvilli or cilia. Glycoprotein and collagen fibers lie adjacent to the basal surface.

-attachment to basement membrane at the basal surface.

-avascular

-innervated: is supplied by nerve fibers

-high capacity for regeneration: stimulated by loss of apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts.

30
Q

What are some of the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

-physical protection

-selective permeability

-secretion

-sensation

31
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Contains protein fibers and carbohydrates, part of the basement membrane connecting epithelial and connective tissue.

32
Q

Basement membrane

A

Consists of the basal lamina and reticular lamina. Reinforces the epithelial sheet, resists stretching and tearing, and defines epithelial boundary.

-Provides physical support for the epithelium

-Anchors the epithelium to connective tissue

-Acts as a barrier to regulate the movement of large molecules between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue.

33
Q

Tight junctions

A

Encircle epithelial cells near their apical surface and completely attach each cell to its neighbors.

  1. Seal off intercellular space and prevent unwanted substances from passing.
  2. Maintain polarity of membrane by preventing mixing of proteins and lipids.
34
Q

Adhering junctions

A

They help hold cells together and support and maintain the tight junctions.

35
Q

Desmosomes

A

Each cell contributes half the complete desmosome. Holds cell together at potential stress points.

36
Q

Gap junctions

A

Gap junctions provide a passage for small molecules to travel between neighboring cells. This gap is bridged by connexons which are proteins forming a pore.

37
Q

Define a gland

A

One or more cells that makes up and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion.

38
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-Ductless glands (secretions not released into a duct)

-They secrete by exocytosis hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs.

-Ex: thyroid and adrenal glands

39
Q

Exocrine glands

A

-Secrete products into ducts. More numerous than endocrine glands.

-Secretions released onto body surfaces or into body cavities.

-Ex: sweat, mucous, salivary glands

40
Q

What is the most common kind of unicellular exocrine gland and where is it found?

A

goblet cell

found in respiratory tract.

secrete mucin

41
Q

What are the three secretion methods of exocrine glands?

A

Merocrine- secrete products from vesicles via exocytosis

Apocrine- product stored in apical part of cell that pinches off

Holocrine- cell accumulates product, then disintegrates

42
Q

Can you draw tubular, acinar, and tuboloacinar glands in both simple and compound form?

A

/

43
Q

What are the three kinds of loose connective tissue?

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

44
Q

Describe the function and location of loose areolar connective tissue.

A

Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types. Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.

Function: Wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, it plays an important role in inflammation, and it conveys tissue fluid.

Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of the body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, and surrounds capillaries.

45
Q

Describe the function and location of loose adipose connective tissue.

A

Description: Matrix as in areolar,
but very sparse; closely packed
adipocytes, or fat cells, have
nucleus pushed to the side by
large fat droplet.

Function: Provides reserve food
fuel; insulates against heat loss;
supports and protects organs.

Location: Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.

46
Q

Describe the function and location of loose reticular connective tissue.

A

Description: Network of reticular
fibers in a typical loose ground
substance; reticular cells lie on
the network.

Function: Fibers form a soft
internal skeleton (stroma) that
supports other cell types including
white blood cells, mast cells, and
macrophages.

Location: Lymphoid organs
(lymph nodes, bone marrow, and
spleen).

47
Q

What is an important distinction between loose and dense connective tissue?

A

Loose has more ground substance that dense connective tissue

48
Q

Describe the function and location of regular dense connective tissue.

A

Description: Primarily parallel
collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.

Function: Withstands great
tensile stress when pulling force is
applied in one direction.

Location: Tendons, most
ligaments, aponeuroses.

49
Q

Describe the function and location of irregular dense connective tissue.

A

Description: Primarily irregularly
arranged collagen fibers; some
elastic fibers; fibroblast is the
major cell type.

Function: Withstands tension
exerted in many directions;
provides structural strength.

Location: Fibrous capsules of
organs and of joints; dermis of the
skin; submucosa of digestive tract

50
Q

Describe the function and location of elastic dense connective tissue.

A

Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a large number of elastic fibers.

Function: Allows tissue to recoil after stretching, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.

Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes.

51
Q

Describe the function and location of hyaline cartilage connective tissue.

A

Description: Tough yet flexible Up
to 80% water. matrix; thin collagen
fibers form an imperceptible
network; chondroblasts produce
the matrix and when mature
(chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.

Function: Supports and reinforces;
serves as resilient cushion; resists
compressive stress.

Location: Forms most of the
embryonic skeleton; covers the
ends of long bones in joint cavities;
forms costal cartilages of the ribs;
cartilages of the nose, trachea, and
larynx.

52
Q

Describe the function and location of fibrocartilage cartilage connective tissue.

A

Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate.

Function: Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock.

Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint.

53
Q

Describe the function and location of elastic cartilage connective tissue.

A

Description: Similar to hyaline
cartilage, but more elastic fibers
in matrix.

Function: Maintains the shape of
a structure while allowing great
flexibility.

Location: Supports the external
ear (pinna); epiglottis.

54
Q

What is the structural unit of the bone?

A

Osteons

55
Q

Describe the function and location of fluid blood connective tissue.

A

Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma).

Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other gases.

Location: Contained within blood vessels.

56
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Description: Long, cylindrical,
multinucleate cells; obvious
striations.

Function: Voluntary movement;
locomotion; manipulation of the
environment; facial expression;
voluntary control.

Location: In skeletal muscles
attached to bones or occasionally
to skin.

57
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Description: Branching, striated,
generally uninucleate cells that
interdigitate at specialized
junctions (intercalated discs).

Function: As it contracts, it
propels blood into the circulation;
involuntary control.

Location: The walls of the heart

58
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Description: Spindle-shaped
cells with central nuclei; no
striations; cells arranged closely
to form sheets.

Function: Propels substances or
objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby)
along internal passageways;
involuntary control.

Location: Mostly in the walls of
hollow organs.

59
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

Description: Neurons are
branching cells; cell processes
that may be quite long extend from
the nucleus-containing cell body;
also contributing to nervous tissue
are nonexcitable supporting cells.

Function: Neurons transmit
electrical signals from sensory
receptors and to effectors (muscles
and glands) which control their
activity; supporting cells support
and protect neurons.

Location: Brain, spinal
cord, and nerves.

60
Q

What are the four kinds of body membranes?

A

-mucous membranes: line body cavities that are open to the exterior

-serous: found in closed ventral body cavity

-cutaneous

-synovial

61
Q

What are the three major types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Supporting connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue

62
Q

What kind of connective tissue is in the skin?

A

Loose connective tissue (areolar) is located directly beneath the epidermis of the skin. Dense irregular connective tissue forms most of the dermis below the loose connective tissue.

63
Q

All connective tissues are formed by the embryonic germ layer _______.

A

mesoderm

64
Q

The majority of glands are composed of __________.

A

epithelial tissue

65
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Produce the matrix

66
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintain the matrix

Anatomy (18 decks)

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