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Anatomy > Cartilage and Bone Tissues > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of chondroblasts?

A

They produce the matrix.

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2
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

They surround the matrix and occupy small spaces called lacunae.

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3
Q

What are the functions of cartilage?

A
  1. Supporting soft tissues
  2. Providing gliding surfaces at articulations
  3. Model for bone formation (beginning in the embryo, cartilage grows and is then replaced by bone)
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4
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A
  1. Interstitial growth (From within the cartilage)
  2. Appositional growth (Along the cartilage periphery)
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5
Q

Describe the four steps of interstitial cartilage growth

A
  1. A chondrocyte within a lacuna begins to exhibit mitotic activity.
  2. Two cells (now called chondroblasts) are produced by mitosis from one chondrocyte and occupy one lacuna.
  3. Each cell produces new matrix and begins to separate from its neighbor. Each cell is now called a chondrocyte.
  4. Cartilage continues to grow internally.
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6
Q

Describe the three steps of appositional cartilage growth

A
  1. Mitotic activity occurs in stem cells within the perichondrium.
  2. New undifferentiated stem cells and committed cells that differentiate into chondroblasts are formed. Chondroblasts produce new matrix at the periphery.
  3. As a result of matrix formation, the chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes. Chondrocytes continue to produce more matrix at the periphery.
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7
Q

Are bones organs?

A

Yes, because they consist of multiple tissue types.

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8
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A
  1. Support and protection (They provide a framework for the body and soft organs)
  2. Movement (Muscles are attached to the bones by the tendons and are levers for muscle action)
  3. Blood cell formation and energy storage in bone cavities (Red marrow- hematopoiesis in some cavities, yellow marrow- energy source)
  4. Mineral and energy storage (90% of the body’s reserves, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium)
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9
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Compact bone has a dense outer layer and is smooth and solid.

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10
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

Also called trabecular. Honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to the compact bone.

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11
Q

Structure of a typical long bone (be able to draw this)

A

-Diaphysis: Elongated tubular shaft that forms the long axis.

-Compact bone surrounds the medullary cavity that houses bone marrow and is lined by the endosteum.

-Periosteum: Outer layer

-Endosteum: Inner layer

-Epiphyses: Bone ends. The articular surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. (External=compact, internal= spongy)

-Epiphyseal line is a remnant of childhood growth plate.

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12
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found in the bones?

A

blood vessels of the bone

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13
Q

Dermal ossification is also referred to as

A

intramembrous ossification

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14
Q

Describe the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones.

A

-Thin layers of spongy bone covered by compact bone.

-Plates sandwiched between connective tissue membranes of periosteum (outer) and endosteum (inner).

-Bone marrow throughout spongy bones, there is no marrow cavity.

-Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surfaces.

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15
Q

The bones of the upper and lower limbs and vertebrae are produced through …

A

endochondral ossification

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16
Q

What are the four major cell types of bone tissue?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts

Each is a specialized form of same basic cell type.

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17
Q

Osteogenic or Osteoprogenitor cells

A

-Stem cells

-Mitotically active cells in the periosteum and endosteum.

-When stimulated differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells.

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18
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-Matrix-synthesizing cells responsible for bone growth.

-Bone-forming cells

-Actively mitotic

-Secrete unmineralized bone matrix called the osteoid. This includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins. Collagen= 90% of bone protein.

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19
Q

Osteocytes

A

-Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix.

-Act as stress or strain receptors. Respond to and communicate mechanical stimuli so bone remodeling can occur.

-Stimulate: osteoblasts to rebuild the bone and osteoclasts to destroy the bone.

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20
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-Bone resorbing cell

-Derived from hematopoietic stem cells, similar to macrophages

-Giant, multinucleate cells responsible for bone resorption

-Ruffled border increases surface area for enzyme degradation of the bone.

-Make a resorption bay when active

-Cell membrane seals off area from surrounding matrix and controls area for break down.

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21
Q

Compact/lamellar bone

A

-The osteon or Haversian system is the structural unit of compact bone. It is an elongated cylinder parallel to the axis of the bone.

-Concentric lamellae: These are layers (like rings of a tree) of bone matrix that surround the central canal of the osteon. They strengthen the bone by distributing mechanical stress. Collagen fibers run in different directions and help resist stress.

-Central (Haversian) canal: This canal runs through the center of each osteon and contains essential blood vessels and nerve fibers, providing nutrients and signals to the bone cells.

-Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals: These canals run perpendicular to the central canals and connect them with the blood vessels and nerves from the bone’s outer surface (periosteum) and inner areas. They allow the bone’s network to stay well-nourished and connected.

-Lacunae: small cavities that contain osteocytes.

-Canaliculi: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal.

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22
Q

Lamellae

A
  1. Concentric: These are layers (like rings of a tree) of bone matrix that surround the central canal of the osteon. They strengthen the bone by distributing mechanical stress.
  2. Interstitial: Incomplete lamellae not part of complete osteon. Fill gaps between forming osteons. Remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling
  3. Circumstantial: Just deep to periosteum, superficial to endosteum, extend around entire of diaphysis, and hold osteons together.
23
Q

Spongy bone

A

-Not as organized

-Trabeculae: align along lines of stress to help resist it, no osteons, capillaries supply nutrients

24
Q

Osteoblasts secrete _________

A

osteoid

Which is an unmineralized semi solid organic bone matrix that includes collagen and calcium-binding proteins that later hardens as a result of calcium phosphate.

25
Q

What is ossification or osteogenesis?

A

The formation of bone tissue.

26
Q

What are the three things growth, maintenance, and repair depend on?

A

Hormones, vitamins, and exercise

27
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

Growth hormone

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)

It stimulates cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate.

28
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

It stimulates bone growth by stimulating the metabolic growth of osteoblasts.

Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid when levels of calcium get too high. It promotes calcium deposit from bone to blood and inhibits osteoclasts.

29
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do?

A

Parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid gland in order to increase calcium levels by osteoclasts resorbing bone.

30
Q

What hormones great accelerate bone growth and seal the epiphyseal plates?

A

Testosterones and estrogens

31
Q

Abnormally levels of what hormone lead to loss of bone mass?

A

glucocorticoid

32
Q

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

A

A- activates osteoblasts

C- required for collagen synthesis

D- stimulates calcium absorption from GI tract into blood so that calcium is available for bone formation

33
Q

Stress fracture

A

Thin break due to increased activity,
repetitive loads, develop gradually over time (e.g., as seen in some runners)

34
Q

Traumatic fracture

A

A break in a bone that occurs
due to a sudden, high-impact injury or force

35
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

Occurs in bone weakened by disease

36
Q

Simple fracture

A

Broken bone does not penetrate the skin

37
Q

Compound fracture

A

Broken bone penetrates the skin

38
Q

What are the four steps of fracture repair?

A
  1. A fracture hematoma forms
  2. A fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus forms
  3. A bony (hard) callus forms
  4. The bone is remodeled
39
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone develops in between fibrous membranes

Produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, most of clavicle

40
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Endochondral = within cartilage

Forms the rest of skeleton

41
Q

Describe the steps of intramembranous ossification

A

Occurs when bone develops in between fibrous membranes. Produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, most of clavicle.

  1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. (The central mesenchymal cells cluster, differentiate into osteoblasts, and form an ossification center that secretes osteoid).
  2. Osteoid undergoes calcification (Osteoid calcifies in a few days, and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes)
  3. Woven bone and periosteum form (Osteoid forms between embryonic blood vessels to create a network
    of trabeculae called woven bone. Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the
    woven bone and becomes the periosteum).
  4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears. Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken. Mature lamellar bone replaces them, forming compact bone plates. Spongy bone, consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and
    its vascular tissue becomes red marrow.
42
Q

Describe the steps of endochondral ossification

A

Forms most all bones inferior to
base of skull, except the clavicles. It uses hyaline cartilage models. Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification.

  1. Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops.
  2. Cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis.
  3. Primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
  4. Secondary ossification center forms in the epiphyses.
  5. Bone replaces cartilage, except in the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.
  6. Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines.
43
Q

What are the five zones within cartilage?

A
  1. Resting (quiescent) zone: Cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate. Relatively inactive.
  2. Proliferation (growth) zone: Cartilage on diaphysis side of
    epiphyseal plate. Rapidly divide pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis. Results in lengthening.
  3. Hypertrophic zone: Older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis and their lacunae enlarge and erode. Form interconnecting spaces.
  4. Calcification zone: Surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies. Chondrocytes die and deteriorate.
  5. Ossification (osteogenic) zone: Chondrocyte deterioration leaves
    long spicules of calcified cartilage at
    epiphysis-diaphysis junction. Spicules eroded by osteoclasts. Covered with new bone by
    osteoblasts (came from
    osteoprogenitor cells). Ultimately replaced with spongy bone.
44
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A
  1. Interstitial (longitudinal) growth: An increase in length of long bones.
  2. Appositional growth: An increase in bone thickness.
45
Q

1- Nutrient artery/vein

2- Metaphyseal arteries/veins

3- Epiphyseal arteries/veins

4- Periosteal arteries/veins

A

1 Supply the diaphysis of a long bone; usually just one nutrient artery and vein per bone

2 Supply the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

3 Supply the epiphyses

4 Supply blood to the external
circumferential lamellae and superficial osteons

46
Q

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

A

Calcitonin

47
Q

A long bone’s growth in length is called _________.

A

interstitial growth

48
Q

In the structure of the epiphyseal plate, the zone farthest away from the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is the zone of ________.

A

resting cartilage

49
Q

A patient with hyperparathyroidism, a disease where too much PTH is produced, would be expected to have __________.

A

decreased bone mass.
elevated blood calcium levels.

50
Q

Depressions and grooves on bone usually indicate

A

where blood vessels and nerves travel

51
Q

Which vitamin promotes collagen production?

A

Vitamin C

52
Q

Which statements correctly describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system?

A

Production of the organic portion of bone matrix decreases

Tensile strength of bone decreases

53
Q

Which statements characterize bone markings?

A

They can sometimes be used in skeletal remains to determine a person’s sex.

They are sites of articulations.

They mark points of attachment for tendons and ligaments.

They indicate sites of blood vessels entry through bone.

Anatomy (18 decks)

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