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Anatomy > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

CSF circulates through and eventually leaves the ventricles and enters the _______.

A

subarachnoid space

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2
Q

The most superficial layer of the meninges is the ______ mater.

A

dura

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3
Q

The cavities within the brain are called

A

ventricles

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4
Q

The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the ______.

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

CSF from the choroid plexus eventually leaves the ventricles and enters the ______ space.

A

subarachnoid

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6
Q

From deep to superficial, the cranial meninges are the
_______ mater, _______ mater and dura mater.

A

pia

arachnoid

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7
Q

The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum is the location of the ______.

A

primary motor cortex

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8
Q

Cells called _________ act as “gatekeepers” that permit materials to pass to the neurons of the brain from the capillaries.

A

astrocytes

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9
Q

The components of the diencephalon include ______.

A

epithalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus

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10
Q

The posterior portion of the epithalamus is the location for the ______.

A

habenular nuclei
pineal gland

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Watery solution formed from blood plasma. Gives buoyancy to CNS structures and reduces weight by 97%. Protects CNS from blows and other trauma. Nourishes brain and carries chemical signals.

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12
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
  5. Insula (island)
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13
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter.

  • 40% mass of brain
  • Site of conscious mind

– Awareness
– Sensory perception
– Voluntary motor initiation
– Communication
– Memory storage
– Understanding

Three functional areas:

  1. Motor
    * control voluntary movement
  2. Sensory areas
    * conscious awareness of sensation
  3. Association areas
    * integrate diverse information
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14
Q

Diencephalon

A

Encloses third ventricle

  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
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15
Q

Label these regions in the brain

A
  1. Cerebral hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  4. Cerebellum
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16
Q

What are the functions of the brain?

A
  1. Exerts centralized control over other organs in the body
  2. Integrates sensory information
  3. Coordinates simple and complex output
  4. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex is estimated to contain
    15–33 billion neurons
17
Q

What provides support and protection to the brain?

A
  • Bone (skull)
  • Membranes (meninges)
  • Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid)
  • Blood brain barrier
18
Q

Meninges and the three layers

A
  • Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
  • Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Cover and protect CNS
  • Form partitions in skull

Three layers
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater

19
Q

Dura mater

A

1: Double layer

  • Periosteal layer
    – Outer
    – Attached to skull
  • Meningeal layer
    – Inner
    – Collects venous blood from brain

Dura septa (not layer)
– Folds of dura mater that dips
inward into brain
– To partition the brain and provide support

20
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

– Middle layer
– Contains largest blood vessels

21
Q

Pia mater

A

– Next to brain
– Contains small blood vessels

22
Q

Falx cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli

Diaphragma sellae

A

– projects into longitudinal fissure
– separates left and right cerebral
hemispheres

– horizontal fold that separates
cerebrum from cerebellum

– small septum between pituitary and hypothalamus

23
Q

Dural venous sinuses form in locations where

A

the two layers of the dura mater have separated

  1. Superior sagittal sinus
  2. Inferior sagittal sinus
  3. Transverse sinuses
  4. Occipital sinus
24
Q

Ventricles of the brain are filled with ________________ and lined by _________ cells

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

ependymal

25
Q

Can you label the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles?

A

/

26
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Helps maintain stable environment for brain
  • Separates neurons from some bloodborne substances

Composition
– Continuous endothelium of capillary walls
– Thick basal lamina around capillaries
– Feet of astrocytes
* Provide signal to endothelium for formation of tight junctions

Selective barrier
– Allowed: nutrients (glucose) to move by facilitated diffusion
– Also allowed: any fat-soluble
substances to pass
* Alcohol
* Nicotine
* Some anesthetics

27
Q

Thalamus

A

80% of diencephalon

Nuclei project and receive fibers from cerebral cortex

Gateway to cerebral cortex
* Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input
* Mediates
– sensation
– motor activities
– arousal
– learning
– memory

28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forms inferolateral walls of third ventricle
* Contains many nuclei
– Example: mammillary bodies
* Paired anterior nuclei
* Olfactory relay stations
* Infundibulum
– stalk that connects to pituitary gland

Controls autonomic nervous system
– blood pressure
– rate and force of heartbeat
– digestive tract motility
– pupil size
* Physical responses to emotions
(limbic system)
– perception of pleasure
– fear and rage
– biological rhythms and drives

29
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Most dorsal portion of diencephalon
    – forms roof of third ventricle
  • Pineal gland (body)
    – extends from posterior border
    – Secretes melatonin to regulate sleep-wake cycle
30
Q

Name the regions of the brain stem

A

-Midbrain
Cerebral peduncles ventrally
– Contain pyramidal motor tracts
* Cerebral aqueduct
– Channel connecting third and fourth ventricles

-Pons
Origin of cranial nerves:
– V (trigeminal)
– VI (abducens)
– VII (facial)
* Nuclei help maintain normal rhythm of breathing

-Medulla oblongata
* Relays sensory information from muscles and joints to cerebellum
* Cranial nerves
– VIII
– IX
– X
– XII
Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation

31
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 11% of brain mass
  • Dorsal to pons and medulla
  • Input from cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors
  • Allows smooth, coordinated movements
32
Q

Limbic System

A

Cerebral and diencephalic structures that form a ring around the diencephalon
– process and experience emotions
– Affects memory formation through integration of past memories of
physical sensations with emotional states

33
Q

Name the first four cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory nerve
    – To olfactory bulb
    – Sensory for smell
  2. Optic nerve
    – From retina of eye
    – Sensory for vision
  3. Oculomotor nerve
    – To eye muscles
    – Motor function only
  4. Trochlear nerve
    – Superior eye muscles
    – Motor function only
34
Q

Name the cranial nerves from 5-8

A
  1. Trigeminal nerve
    – Chewing muscles mostly
    – Sensory & motor to face
  2. Abducens nerve
    – To eye muscles
    – Motor function only
  3. Facial nerve
    – Sensory & motor to face
    – Senses taste
    – Several motor functions
  4. Vestibulocochlear
    – To ear
    – Sensory for balance & hearing
35
Q

Name the cranial nerves from 9-12

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal
    – To head and neck
    – Sensory and motor
  2. Vagus nerve
    – “the wanderer”
    – To most major body organs
    – Few branches to neck & back
    – Sensory & motor
  3. Accessory
    – To muscles of neck & back
    – Motor function only
  4. Hypoglossal
    – To tongue
    – Motor function only

Anatomy (18 decks)

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