Endocrine System

Question 1

Paracrines

Answer 1

-Chemical substances secreted by all cells
-Can diffuse to adjacent cells (move through the extracellular fluid), which allows cells to communicate with other cells within the same tissue.

Question 2

Hormones (endocrine)

Answer 2

-Secreted by specialised cells and transported through the bloodstream
-They are only able to influence cells that have the correct receptor for the hormone (specific)

Question 3

Whare can hormone receptors be described as?

Answer 3

Specific, targeting certain cells

Question 4

exocrine (gland)

Answer 4

Secrete substances into a duct that carries the secretion to the body surface or to one of the body cavities

Question 5

Exocrine Gland examples

Answer 5

Sweat glands, mucous glands, salivary glands, glands of alimentary canal

Question 6

Endocrine (gland)

Answer 6

Secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells that make up the gland.
The hormone then travels into the capillaries to be transported by the blood.
Can be described as ductless.

Question 7

Receptor proteins on target cells are what?

Answer 7

-Specific to a particular hormone
-Each type of receptor will bind to only one specific hormone
-However more than one type of receptor may be affected by multiple hormones on a target cell

Question 8

PAWSL

Answer 8

Protein/Amine are Water Soluble while Steroid hormones are Lipid soluble

Question 9

Steroid Description

Answer 9

Lipids derived from cholesterol

Question 10

Steroid Properties

Answer 10

Lipophilic- Can cross membrane
Undergoes constitutive secretion

Question 11

Steroid Examples

Answer 11

Testosterone
Estrogen/Progesterone

Question 12

Peptide Description

Answer 12

Short polypeptide chains

Question 13

Protein Amine vs Steroid contrast/table

Answer 13

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Question 14

Peptide properties

Answer 14

Hydrophilic- Cannot cross membrane
Undergoes regulatory secretion

Question 15

Peptide Examples

Answer 15

Insulin and glucagon

Question 16

Amine Description

Answer 16

Derived from aromatic amino acid

Question 17

Amine Properties

Answer 17

Hydrophilic- Cannot cross membrane
Undergoes regulatory secretion

Question 18

Amine Examples

Answer 18

Thyroxine

Question 19

Homeostasis

Answer 19

-The process of keeping the environment inside the body fairly constant.
-This is known as a steady state and operates (fluctuates) within a set of tolerance limits.
-Coordination of homeostasis is controlled by the endocrine and nervous system

Question 20

Endocrine system purpose

Answer 20

influences the activity of cells by the release of chemical messengers called hormones.

Question 21

How do hormones affect cells

Answer 21

By changing the type, activities or quantities of proteins produced influencing metabolic activity

Question 22

Enzyme Amplification

Answer 22

-One hormone molecule does not cause the manufacture or activation of just one molecule of an enzyme- it activates thousands of molecules
-Results in small stimulus producing very large effect

Question 22

Saturation
+what it results in

Answer 22

-When all receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules
-Results in hormone affect stagnating

Question 23

Hormone Clearance

Answer 23

-Once a hormone has produced the required effect it must be turned off
-The hormone molecules are broken down either in the target cell (some) or in the liver and the kidneys (most)
-Degraded hormones are then excreted in the bile or urine.

Question 24

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Answer 24

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