Endocrine Glands

Question 1

Pineal

Answer 1

-Secretes melatonin

-Target organ unknown, potentially brain and other body cells

-Regulation of sleep patterns

Question 2

Thyroid

Answer 2

-Secretes Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Calcitonin (from C cells)

-T4 and T3 targets most body cells
-Calcitonin targets Bones and Kidney Tubules

-T4 and T3 increases metabolic rate = increase the release of energy and heat (for maintenance of body temperature) from cells
-Calcitonin decreases calcium levels in blood by decreasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidney and reduces the breakdown of calcium from bone.
-Calcitonin also decreases phosphate levels in the blood by decreasing reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney and moving phosphate into the bone.

Question 3

Parathyroid

Answer 3

-Secretes Parathyroid hormone

-Targets bones and Kidney Tubules

-Increases calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney, increasing the breakdown of calcium from the bone, increasing calcium absorption from digested food

Question 4

Thymus

Answer 4

-Secretes thymosins

-Targets T-lymphocytes

-Stimulates the development and maturation of T-lynphocytes

Question 5

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 5

-Secretes Adrenaline/epinephrine and Noradrenaline/norepinephrine

-Both target most body tissues but noradrenaline particularly targets the heart

-Adrenaline and noradrenaline prepare the body for fight-or-flight responses and reinforces the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. Noradrenaline in particular increases the rate and force of a heartbeat.

Question 6

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 6

-Secretes Corticosteroids (Aldosterone and Cortisol)

-Aldosterone targets kidney tubules
-Cortisol targets most body cells

-Aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium ions and increase excretion of potassium ions = increase sodium concentration in blood and decrease potassium concentration in blood (reduce sodium in urine and increase potassium in urine)
-Cortisol promotes normal metabolism. Helps the body deal with stress by promoting the repair of damaged tissues

Question 7

Pancreas

Answer 7

-Secretes Insulin (beta cells) and Glucagon (alpha cells)

-Insulin targets most body cells, liver, skeletal muscles and adipose tissue
-Glucagon targets the liver and skeletal muscles

(addpurposes tmr)

Question 8

Testes (males)

Answer 8

-Secretes Androgens (Testosterone)

-Targets many tissues but particularly interstitial cells in the testes

-Stimulates skeleton and muscle growth, Development of male secondary sex characteristics as well as sperm-production

Question 9

Ovaries (females)

Answer 9

-Secretes Oestrogen and Progesterone

-Oestrogen targets many tissues while progesterone targets the uterus and mammary glands

-Oestrogen stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle. It is also involved in changes that occur during pregnancy.
-Progesterone regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the uterus and prepares mammary glands for milk secretion