Endocrine Physiology ML:5

Question 1

Hypothyroidism

Answer 1

conditions characterized by plasma concentrations of thyroid hormone that are chronically below normal

Question 2

What are the causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 2

iodine deficiency, thyroid damage, or autoimmune destruction

Question 3

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 3

low metabolism, weight gain, cold intolerance, low blood pressure

Question 4

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 4

conditions characterized by plasma concentrations of thyroid hormone that are chronically above normal

Question 5

Causes of hyperthyroidism

Answer 5

tumors or autoimmune diseases

Question 6

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 6

high metabolism, weight loss, goiter, increased appetite

Question 7

Graves disease:

Answer 7

TSI antibodies stimulate the TSH receptor on the thyroid gland

Question 8

How does a goiter develop

Answer 8

hypo: low T3 and T4
-tells hypothalamus to make TRH, and AP to make TSH and TSH ahs trophic effects on the thyroid gland which causes it to swell

hper: AP is overactive with TSH and TSH causes T3 and T4 and increases thyroid size

Question 9

Functions of adrenal catecholamines durin stress

Answer 9

mobilizes glucose for energy
mobilizes fatty acids for energy
increased cardiac function

Question 10

What does zona glomeruloa secrete and regulate

Answer 10

secretes aldosterone and regulates sodium, potassium and blood volume

Question 11

What does Zona fasciculata secrete?

Answer 11

cortisol

Question 12

What does zona reticularis secrete?

Answer 12

secrete sex steroids( androgens)

Question 13

3 clade cascade of stress

Answer 13

-hypothalamus secretes CRH
-Ap secretes ACTH
-adrenal cortex secrets cortisol

Question 14

Physiological functions of cortisol ( basal or non stress levels)

Answer 14

• metabolic effects: liver glucose production between meals
  -permissive of adrenerguc receptors in the cardiovascular system
• anti inflammatory/anti immune
  -fetal development of brain, intestines, lungs, glands

Question 15

Functions of cortisol in stress

Answer 15

-catabolizes body stores of nutrients
-bone restoration
-support sympathetic responses related to vasoconstriction
-stimulates erythropoietin: replace RBC’s if bleeding out
-anti-inflammatory/immunosuppression
-inhibtion of non essential functions

Question 16

Adrenal insufficiency

Answer 16

cortisol hyposecretion

Question 17

Primary adrenal insufficiency (addison’s disease)
causes

Answer 17

destructive tumors, infections, or autoimmune destruction

Question 18

Results of primary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 18

hypotension, low blood glucose, high plasma ACTH and high CRH

Question 19

causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 19

AP dysfunction, loss of ACTH

Question 20

Results of secondary adrenal insufficiency

Answer 20

similar symptoms as in primary adrenal insufficiency but with low plasma ACTH

Question 21

What is cushings disease

Answer 21

cortisol hypersecretion

Question 22

What is cushing’s caused by?

Answer 22

hyper secreting tumors of adrenal and AP

Question 23

Results of cushing’s disease

Answer 23

osteoporosis, thin skin, muscle weakness, high blood glucose
-affects cortisol levels in the blood (hypercortisolism)
disease: ACTH secreting tumor on AP

Question 24

Aldosterone

Answer 24

increases sodium retention and blood pressure

Question 25

Vasopressin

Answer 25

increases water retention and blood pressue

Question 26

Growth hormone

Answer 26

breaks down fast and mobilizes blood glucose

Question 27

Beta endorphin

Answer 27

pain reliever/mood elevation

Question 28

Insulin during stress

Answer 28

decreases; with less insulin the levels of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids in the plasma increase