Endocrine Physiology ML:1 Flashcards
Is the NS fast or slow acting?
Fast
What are the two types of local signaling?
Paracrine and Autocrine
What is paracrine signaling?
target cells in close proximity to site if release of paracrine substance
What is Autocrine signaling?
acts on same cell that secreted the substance
- cell produces a substance and acts on itself
What is the endocrine system?
target cell in one or more distant places in the body
-hormone travels throughout the body by the bloodstream
Somatostatin can be two things what are they?
A hormone and a paracrine substance
Does the endocrine system has a long lasting effect?
Yes, and it is slower
What are the three things that the endocrine and the nervous system have in common?
- both are part of a sense and respond homeostatic control system
- they influence activities of cells throughout the body
- They work together
What is the role of ADH, aldosterone, insulin, and glucagon in the endocrine system?
Maintains electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
What is the role of cortisol and epinephrine in the endocrine system?
Coordinates the body’s response to stress
What is the role of growth hormone and insulin like growth factors in the endocrine system?
promotes growth and development
What is the role of thyroid hormone, insulin, and glucagon in the endocrine system
regulates cellular metabolism/energy balance
What is the role of insulin, glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones in the endocrine system?
regulates digestion and absorption of food and controls the amount of sugar in the blood
Hormone
chemical messengers released into the blood which influence the activity of target cells that can be a long distance away
Exocrine Gland:
take raw materials from the blood and send them out of the body
Endocrine Gland:
take raw material from the blood and use them to build hormones that go back into the blood
Target cells:
express hormone specific receptors that respond to the hormone by producing a biological response
What are the three steps of Neurocrine Signaling?
- chemical product from nerve terminal into the blood
- secreting a NT into the blood and making it function like a hormone
- NT secreted by axon terminal into the blood moves through blood stream until it finds a target receptor with a high affinity and high specificity
What are peptides and protein hormones made of ?
string of amino acids
How are peptide and protein hormones formed?
- pre-hormone that is synthesized in the nucleus
- goes to rough er where it is turned into a pro hormone
- prohormone is sent to the golgi apparatus where it is packaged as a functional hormone
- pro insulin found in er is clipped off to make a functional hormone
- pro hormone to insulin in the golgi anf hormone and profragments get packaged together and are exocytosed into the blood stream
What is the solubility of peptide and protein hormones and what does that mean?
hydrophilic, receptor location is on the plasma membrane of target cells which then initiates a second messenger signaling cascade
-mostly fast and metabolized and secreted quickly
Where is the synthesis of peptide and protein hormones?
Er and golgi
Where is the storage and peptide and protein hormones?
packaged into vesicles that can be stored in the cytosol
What is the transport method of peptide and protein hormones?
dissolve in plasma as a free hormone
What are the structure of steroid hormones?
synthesized from cholesterol molecules
What is the solubility of steroid hormones?
hydrophobic
What is the synthesis of steroid hormones?
enzymatic modification of the cholesterol in the cell
What is the storage of steroid hormones?
not stored must be synthesized upon stimulation
What is the secretion of steroid hormones?
simple diffusion
What is the transport of a steroid hormone?
requires plasma protein carrier for transport in the blood because it is hydrophobic
Free hormone:
can diffuse out of blood and across cell membranes to interact with target cell receptors
Where is the receptor location of steroid hormones?
inside target cells (usually the nucleus)
-slower because of protein synthesis
-metabolized and secreted slowly
Amine hormone structure:
synthesized from tyrosine
-can be turned into catecholamines or thyroid hormones
Catecholamines
like peptide/proteins they are hydrophillic
Thyroid Hormones
like steroids they are hydrophobic
What are the 4 possible fates and Actions of a Hormone following its secretion?
- excreted in urine or feces without having an effect
- inactivated by metabolism
3.bind to receptor and product a ceullar response - activated by metabolism and then binds to a receptor and produces a cellular response
