Endocrine Physiology ML:1

Question 1

Is the NS fast or slow acting?

Answer 1

Fast

Question 2

What are the two types of local signaling?

Answer 2

Paracrine and Autocrine

Question 3

What is paracrine signaling?

Answer 3

target cells in close proximity to site if release of paracrine substance

Question 4

What is Autocrine signaling?

Answer 4

acts on same cell that secreted the substance
- cell produces a substance and acts on itself

Question 5

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 5

target cell in one or more distant places in the body
-hormone travels throughout the body by the bloodstream

Question 6

Somatostatin can be two things what are they?

Answer 6

A hormone and a paracrine substance

Question 7

Does the endocrine system has a long lasting effect?

Answer 7

Yes, and it is slower

Question 8

What are the three things that the endocrine and the nervous system have in common?

Answer 8

1. both are part of a sense and respond homeostatic control system
2. they influence activities of cells throughout the body
3. They work together

Question 9

What is the role of ADH, aldosterone, insulin, and glucagon in the endocrine system?

Answer 9

Maintains electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance

Question 10

What is the role of cortisol and epinephrine in the endocrine system?

Answer 10

Coordinates the body’s response to stress

Question 11

What is the role of growth hormone and insulin like growth factors in the endocrine system?

Answer 11

promotes growth and development

Question 12

What is the role of thyroid hormone, insulin, and glucagon in the endocrine system

Answer 12

regulates cellular metabolism/energy balance

Question 13

What is the role of insulin, glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones in the endocrine system?

Answer 13

regulates digestion and absorption of food and controls the amount of sugar in the blood

Question 14

Hormone

Answer 14

chemical messengers released into the blood which influence the activity of target cells that can be a long distance away

Question 15

Exocrine Gland:

Answer 15

take raw materials from the blood and send them out of the body

Question 16

Endocrine Gland:

Answer 16

take raw material from the blood and use them to build hormones that go back into the blood

Question 17

Target cells:

Answer 17

express hormone specific receptors that respond to the hormone by producing a biological response

Question 18

What are the three steps of Neurocrine Signaling?

Answer 18

1. chemical product from nerve terminal into the blood
2. secreting a NT into the blood and making it function like a hormone
3. NT secreted by axon terminal into the blood moves through blood stream until it finds a target receptor with a high affinity and high specificity

Question 19

What are peptides and protein hormones made of ?

Answer 19

string of amino acids

Question 20

How are peptide and protein hormones formed?

Answer 20

1. pre-hormone that is synthesized in the nucleus
2. goes to rough er where it is turned into a pro hormone
3. prohormone is sent to the golgi apparatus where it is packaged as a functional hormone
4. pro insulin found in er is clipped off to make a functional hormone
5. pro hormone to insulin in the golgi anf hormone and profragments get packaged together and are exocytosed into the blood stream

Question 21

What is the solubility of peptide and protein hormones and what does that mean?

Answer 21

hydrophilic, receptor location is on the plasma membrane of target cells which then initiates a second messenger signaling cascade
-mostly fast and metabolized and secreted quickly

Question 22

Where is the synthesis of peptide and protein hormones?

Answer 22

Er and golgi

Question 23

Where is the storage and peptide and protein hormones?

Answer 23

packaged into vesicles that can be stored in the cytosol

Question 24

What is the transport method of peptide and protein hormones?

Answer 24

dissolve in plasma as a free hormone

Question 25

What are the structure of steroid hormones?

Answer 25

synthesized from cholesterol molecules

Question 26

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

Answer 26

hydrophobic

Question 27

What is the synthesis of steroid hormones?

Answer 27

enzymatic modification of the cholesterol in the cell

Question 28

What is the storage of steroid hormones?

Answer 28

not stored must be synthesized upon stimulation

Question 29

What is the secretion of steroid hormones?

Answer 29

simple diffusion

Question 29

What is the transport of a steroid hormone?

Answer 29

requires plasma protein carrier for transport in the blood because it is hydrophobic

Question 30

Free hormone:

Answer 30

can diffuse out of blood and across cell membranes to interact with target cell receptors

Question 31

Where is the receptor location of steroid hormones?

Answer 31

inside target cells (usually the nucleus)
-slower because of protein synthesis
-metabolized and secreted slowly

Question 32

Amine hormone structure:

Answer 32

synthesized from tyrosine
-can be turned into catecholamines or thyroid hormones

Question 33

Catecholamines

Answer 33

like peptide/proteins they are hydrophillic

Question 34

Thyroid Hormones

Answer 34

like steroids they are hydrophobic

Question 35

What are the 4 possible fates and Actions of a Hormone following its secretion?

Answer 35

1. excreted in urine or feces without having an effect
2. inactivated by metabolism
   3.bind to receptor and product a ceullar response
3. activated by metabolism and then binds to a receptor and produces a cellular response