Endocrine and Nervous System Flashcards
Cervical Plexus
Serves the head, neck and shoulders
Brachial Plexus
Serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands
Lumbar Plexus
Serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees and calves
Sacral Plexus
Serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, things, calves and feet
Solar or Celiac Plexus
Serves internal organs
Femoral Nerve
Sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) nerve supplying the front of the thigh and part of the lower leg
Common fibular nerve (common peroneal)
Sensory and motor nerve supplying the knee and superior tibiofibular joints and tibialis anterior muscle. It divides intro superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerves; a branch of the sciatic nerve supplying movement and sensation to the lower leg, foot and toes
Intercostal Nerves
The upper thoracic nerves innervate primarily the chest and upper abdomen; the only nerves not originating from the plexus
Median Nerve
Innervates most flexor muscles of the forearm and provides sensation for the thumb, index, middle fingers, and a portion of the ring finger. It is the only never passing through the carpal tunnel
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Sensory and motor nerve of the coracobrachialis, biceps branchii and the greater part of the brachialis (the bicep and side of forearm). It arises from the brachial plexus
Radial Nerve
Innervates the triceps branchii muscle of the arm and all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm
Saphenous Nerve
Sensory nerve of the knee joint, subsartorial and patellar plexuses and the skin on medial side of the leg and foot
Sciatic Nerve
The largest nerve of the body, derived from the spinal nerves L4 through S3, runs through the buttocks and down the lower limb. It supplies the skin of the leg and the muscles of the back and the thigh. It divides just above the knee into the tibial and common fibular (common peroneal) nerves
Subcostal Nerves
Sensory and motor nerves of the skin of the lower abdomen and lateral side of the gluteal region, and parts of abdominal transverse, oblique and rectus muscles
Tibial Nerve
Sensory and motor nerve, supplies the muscles and skin of the knee, calf and sole of the foot, and the toes; a branch of the sciatic nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Provides sensation for the little finger and a portion of the ring finger and innervates some muscles of the hand and forearm
Acromegaly
Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet and face caused by excess growth hormone in an adult. The name comes from acro meaning extremity and megal/o meaning abnormal enlargement
Cushing’s Syndrome
An excess of cortisol, caused either by an overactive adrenal gland or glucocorticoid medications; symptoms may include excess fatty tissue of the face, neck, and body, weight gain, curvature of spine and muscle wearkness
Goiter
An enlarged thyroid gland caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone (TSH) or a neoplasm. A diet deficient in iodine can result in goiter; however this is rarely the case
Hyperparathyroidism
Overactive parathyroid; may result in bone deterioration, reduced renal function, kidney stones and other difficulties
Hyperaldosteronism
Oversecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands; results in fluid retention and hypertension
Hypoparathyroidism
Underactive parathyroid; may result in muscle cramps and cataracts amongst other difficulties
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid; too little thyroid horomose produced (the opposite of hyperthyroidism) may result in children with intelletual disability and small stature. In adults, this condition results in lower metabolism, fatigue and fluid in the tissue (myxedema)
Panhypopituitarism
Inadequate or absent production of the anterior pituitary hormones which is caused by damage or absence of pituitary gland. This may result in impaired sexual function, weight loss, fatigue, depression and other symptoms
Prolactinoma
A benign tumor of the pituitary gland with excess production of a hormone called prolactin. In women. high blood levels of prolactin can result in infertility and changes in menstruation. In men, the most common symptom of prolactinoma is impotence
Throiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
Thyrotoxicosis
Condition resulting from overactivity of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include anxiety, irritability, weight loss, and sweating. The main example of the thyrotoxicosis is Graves Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
A disorder marked by muscular weakness, spasticity and exaggerated reflexes caused by degeneration of motor neurons; it’s known as Lou Gehrig disease
Ataxia
Lack of muscle movement coordination
Cerebral Lipidoses
Genetic disorder causing lipid accumulation the brain
Cerebral Palsy
A nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder usually caused by damage to the CNS near the time of birth. May include spasticity, involuntary movements, or ataxia
Dyskinesia
Uncontrolled muscle movement
Hydrocephalus
Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstructed flow. May be caused by tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage or congenital abnormality
Myelopathy
Dysfunction of the spinal cord
Myoclonus
Spontaneous, uncontrolled twitching of muscle or group of muscles
Neuropathy
Dysfunction of the nerves (for example, peripheral neuropathy is dysfunction of the nerves of the peripheral nervous system)
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the legs and lower parts of the body
Reye’s Syndrome
A rare acute encephalopathy occurring in children after viral infections. The liver, kidney, and heart may be involced
Syringomyelia
A progressive disease marked by formation of fluid filled cavities in the spinal chord.
Anoxic Brain Damage
Brain injury due to lack of oxygen. Codes for anoxia due to birth trauma are found in chapter 15, pregnancy, childbirth and peurperium
Cataplexy
Sudden onset of muscle weakness with loss of tone and strength; triggered by intense emotion
Diplegia
Paralysis of like parts on either side of the body
Dural Tear
The dura is the outermost of the three layers comprising the meninges, which surround the brain and spinal cord. A tear in the dura may result in loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Grand Mal Status
Sudden loss o consciousness followed by generalized convulsions in epilepsy; see also Petit Mal Stratus
Encephalopathy
Disorder or disease of the brain; it does not refer to a single disease but rather to a syndrome caused by any number of diseases
Epilepsy
A brain disorder characterized by electrical like disturbances. May be convulsive or nonconvulsive, generalized or localized; symptoms may include occasional impairment and loss of consciousness, abnormal movement and sensory disturbance
Hemiplegia
Paralysis affecting one side of the body
Monoplegia
Paralysis in on limb (arm or leg)
Multiple Sclerosis
The body directs antibodies and white blood cells against proteins in the myelin sheath surrounding nerves in the brain and spinal cord, causing inflammation and injury to the sheath and ultimately to the nerves. The damage slows or blocks muscle coordination, visual sensation and other nerve signals
Narcolepsy
Brief, recurrent, uncontrollable episodes of sound sleep, often during the day
Petit Mal Status
Minor, involuntary muscle movement or brief (usually less than 15 seconds) disturbance in brain function (staring spell) due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Person is usually wide awake and thinking clearly immediately after the seizure.
Quadriplegic
Paralysis in all four limbs (arms and legs)
Bell’s Palsy
Paralysis or weakness of the muscles on one side of the face
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through a tunnel formed by carpal bones
Causalgia
Intense burning pain and sensitivity to vibration or touch
Demyelination
Damage to the myelin sheath of neurons, occurs in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Geniculate Ganglionitis
Involves severe pain deep in the ear, may be caused by compression of the somatic sensory branch of Cranial Nerve VII. This may also develop following herpes zoster oticus
Mononeuritis
Inflammation of a single nerve
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
Myoneural Disorder
Disorders affecting both muscles and nerves (for example, myasthenia gravis)
Myotonia
Slow relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction or electrical stimulation; individuals with myotonia (a symptom of certain neuromuscular disorders) may have trouble releasing their grip on objects or may have difficulty rising from a sitting position
Neuralgic Amyotrophy (Parsonage-Aldren-Turner Syndrome, branchial neuritis, brachial plexitis)
Pain and muscle weakness affecting the upper extremity often in response to stressors such as surgery, infection, minor trauma etc.
Polyneuritis
Inflammation of several peripheral nerves simultaneously
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Inflammation of the trigeminal nerve. Cranial Nerve V (CN V) delivers feeling to the face
Actigraphy Testing
Measures the movement of a limb; the term actigraphy refers to the methods utilizing miniaturized sensors translating physical motion into a numeric presentation
Anastomosis
A passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic or may be created surgically
Chemodenervation
An interruption of messages sent between nerves and muscles by administration of a chemical substance
Chemonucleolysis
Injection of an enzyme to dissolve the gelatinous cushioning material in an intervertebral disc
Cranioplasty
Surgical repair of a defect or deformity of a skill
Decompression
When referring to nerves of the spine: Freeing of a pinched nerve, for instance from between adjacent vertebra
Encephalocele (Cephalocele, Meningoencephalocele)
Rare disorder in which the bones of the skull do not close completely, creating a gap though which cerebral spinal fluid; brain tissue and the meninges can protrude into a sac like formation
Fossa
Hollow cavity
F-Wave
A voltage change observed after electrical stimulation is applied to the skin surface above the distal region of a nerve; often used to measure nerve conduction velocity
H-Reflex
Hoffman Reflex. A reflectory reaction of muscles after electrical stimulation of sensory fibers in their innervating nerves (for example, those located behind the knee)
Ligation
A tie or bandage, the process of binding or tying
Meninges
The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular: meninx) (root: mening/o, meninge/o)
Meningocele
Protrusion through a bone defect in the vertebral column of the meninges covering the spinal cord
Myelomeningocele
A birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth; a type of spina bifida (a developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube). The spinal cord and meninges protrude
Neurolytic Agent
Agent used to destroy nerves; for instance, alcohol, phenol, etc
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection, usually bacterial
Spinal tap
Spinal puncture; a procedure to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid
Stereotactic Head Frame
A guiding device, position the head for precise treatment during a stereotactic radiosurgery
Tentorium Cerebelli (Cerebellar Tantorium)
An extension of the dura mater, separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Transection
To divide by cutting transversely; a cross section along a long axis
Trephination (trepanning, trephining, burr hole)
Cutting a piece of bone out of the skill; the intrument used is a trepan or trephin
Vasospasm
A condition in which blood vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction and possible stroke or other injury; may arise in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Zygapophyseal Joint (Z joint, paravertebral facet joint, facet joint)
Located on the posterior spine on each side of the vertebrae where it overlaps the neighboring vertebrae; the facet joints provide stability and give the spine the ability to ben and twist. They are made up of two surfaces of the adjacent vertebra that are separated by a thin layer of cartilage
Acous, acus
sound, hearing
blephar/o
eyelid
canth/o
corner of eyelid
cochle/o
conclea (inner ear)
conjecntiv/o
conjunctival
dacry/o
tears, lacrimal sac or duct
dipl/o
two
goni/o
angle
ir/i, irit/o, irid/o
iris
kerat/o
corna
myring/o
tympanic membrane
-opia
condition of having a disease of the eye(s)
ot/o
ear
phac/o
lens
phot/o
light
-ptosis
drooping, downward displacement, prolapse
retin/o
retina
rhin/o
nose
scler/o
hard, sclera (of eye)
stapedi/o
stapes
tars/o
margin of eyelid
trabecul/o
relating to meshwork for drainage of aqueous humor
uve/o
uvea (of eye)
vitre/o
vitreous
Acoustic Neuroma
A tumor of the eighth cranial nerve sheath; although benign, it can press on surrounding tissue and produce symptoms; also called an acoustic or vestibular schwannoma or acoustic neurilemmoma
After-Cataract
When a cataract is removed from the eye the physician opts to retain the posterior outermost shell so there remains an organic separation between the posterior and anterior chambers. Later, this remaining shell may develop opacities as well, and this is called after cataract or secondary cataract
Anterior Segment
The cornea up to the vitreous body which includes the aqueous humor, iris and lens
Aqueous Humor
Fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye
Blepharaplasty
Surgical repair of the eyelid
Cataract
Opacity of the lens of the eye
Cerymen
The brownish, wax like secretion formed in the external ear canal to protect the ear and prevent infection. Also known as ear wax
Cholesteatoma
A benign growth of skin in the middle ear, usually caused by chronic otitis media
Choroid
The middle vascular layer between the retina and the sclera in the posterior segment of the eye. The choroid nourishes the retina
Ciliary Body
The muscular portion of the uvea that surrounds the lens and adjusts its shape for near and far vision
Cochlea
The coiled portion of the inner ear that contains the receptors for hearing
Conduction
Receptions or conveyance of sound, heat, or electricity. Sound waves are conducted to the inner ear through bones in the skull
Conjunctiva
The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the eyeball’s anterior surface
Cornea
The clear, anterior portion of the sclera
Crystalline Lens
A convex disc suspended on threads just behind the iris
Dacryolith
Calculus in the lacrimal sac or duct
Endolymph
Fluid within the semicircular canals and the tubes of the cochlea of the inner ear
Enucleation
Removal of a structure such as the eyeball
Esotropia
A condition where the eye deviates inward
Eustachian Tube
A tube in the ear linking the middle ear to the nasopharynx. This tube equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the outer world
Evisceration
A procedure where the contents of the eyeball are scooped out but the sclera shell remains connected to the eye muscles so that a prosthesis fitted into the globe will have natural movement
Exenteration
Removal of a complete structure and the surrounding skin, fat, muscle and bone
External Auditory Meatus
Tube that extends from the pinna of the ear to the tympanic membrane
Exotropia
A condition where the eye deviates outward
Glaucoma
An eye disease cause by increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic disk and causes vision loss. Usually results from faulty fluid drainage from the anterior eye
Goniotomy
A procedure where an opening is made in the trabecular meshwork of the front part of the eye. The provider uses a goniolens during the procedure
Hypertropia
A condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye
Incus
The middle ossicle (bone) in the middle ear
Iris
The muscular colored ring between the lens and the cornea; regulates the amount of light that enters the eye by altering the size of the pupil at it’s center
Limbus
The border where the cornea meets the sclera. Also known as the sclerocorneal junction
Malleus
The ossicle (bone) in the middle ear that picks up vibration from the tympanic membrane, which is in contact with the tympanic membrane and the incus
Mastoid
A bone in the skull just behind the ear containing tiny air cells that also form a conductive path for sound
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the air cells of the mastoid process
Meniere’s Disease
A disease associated with increased fluid pressure in the inner ear and characterized by hearing loss, veritgo and tinnitus
Microtia
A congential deformity of the ear whereby the pinna (external ear) in undeveloped
Nystagmus
Reflexive jerky eye movements as a response to the messages of the inner ear
Optic Nerve
The nerve that transmits images from the eye to the brain. Damage to the optic nerve can result in loss of or impaired vision
Ossicles
The small bones of the middle ear; the malleus, incus, and stapes
Ottis Media
Inflammation of the middle ear with accumulation of serous (watery) or mucoid fluid
Oval Window
A membrane covered window from the inner ear to the middle ear
Perilymph
Surrounds the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule of the vestibular system and it surrounds the ducts in the cochlea. Inner channels are filled with endolymph
Puncta
Tiny opening of the tear ducts
Pupil
The opening at the center of the iris
Refraction
The bending of light rays as they pass through the eye to focus on a specific point on the retina; also, the determination and correction of ocular refractive errors
Retina
The innermost, light sensitive layer of the eye; contains the rods and cones, the specialized receptor cells for vision
Retinal Detachment
The retina is freed from the blood-rich choroid at the back of the ye. When the retinal layer floats away, it loses it’s supply of nutrients. Nutrients must return, or vision is lost.
Retrobulbar
Space behind the eye
Round Window
A membrane-covered window that separates the middle ear from the inner ear, allowing vibrations to pass through to the cochlea
Round Window
A membrane covered window that separates the middle ear from the inner ear, allowing vibrations to pass through to the cochlea
Sclera
The outer coat of the globe and is continuous with the dura via the dural sheath of the optic nerve at the back of the eye. The sclera at the front of the eye is known as the white of the eye and is covered with a thin protective layer of conjunctiva
Sclerocorneal Junction
The ring where the cornea meets the sclera. Also known as the limbus
Semicircular Canals
The three curved channels of the inner ear that hold receptors for equilibrium
Stapes
The ossicle (bone) in the middle ear that is in contact with the inner ear
Strabismus
A condition where the eyes are not properly aligned with each other
Tenon’s Capsule
Connective tissue surrounding the posterior eyeball
Trachoma
An infection caused by chlamydia trachomatis leading to inflammation and scarring of the cornea and conjunctiva; a common cause of blindness in underdeveloped countries
Tympanic Membrane
The membrane between the external auditory canal and the middle ear (tympanic cavity); the eardrum. It serves to transmit sound waves to the ossicles of the middle ear
Uvea
The middle, vascular layer of the eye; consists of the choroid, ciliary body and iris
Vestibular Schwannoma
A benign tumor arising from nerve cells of the auditory nerve (eighth cranial nerve)
Vestibule
The chamber in the inner ear that holds some of the receptors for equilibrium
Vertigo
A whirling or spinning perception of motion resulting in the loss of balance
Visual Field
The total area that can be seen by peripheral vision
Vitreous Humor
A gel like mass that fills the large posterior segment of the eye
Craniectomy and Craniotomy
Bony opening cut into the skull. Section of skull, called a bone flap is removed to access the brain underneath. If bone flap not replaced called a craniectomy
Stereotaxis
he process by which neurosurgeons use MRI or CT imaging studies, targeted algorithms and a computer workstation to precisely locate and target a tumor or other lesion inside the brain
Neurostimulator
an electronic device that delivers electrical signals to the brain or elsewhere in the nervous system, typically in order to block pain or treat neurological disorders. These can be surgically implanted.
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Connects the Central Nervous System (Brain and spinal cord) to the remainder of the body
Frontal Lobe
Front part of brain. Planning, organizing, problem solving and higher cognitive functions.
Temporal Lobe
Memory, sorting new info, evaluating hearing input and sense of smell
Brainstem
Breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure. Connects brain to spinal cord.
Cerebellum
Coordinate movement
Occipital Lobe
Back of brain, processes visual info
Parietal lobes
Behind the frontal and above the temporal. Control sensation, visual perception of the spatial relationship with objects. Left parietal lobe processes spoken and written info
Neuroendoscope
Small tubular type instrument with fiberoptic light source used to view the brain and spinal cord
Shunt
Narrow tube that allows excess cerebrospinal fluid that builds up inside the ventricles in the brain, to drain into another part of the body
Fenestration
surgically created opening or cutting of a small hole in a surface such as a membrane
Ventricles of the brain
Chambers in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid CSF
