Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Anastomosis
Joining of two or more blood vessels
Angiography
Radiographic visualization of blood vessels
Angioplasty
Procedure to open narrow or blocked vessels
Annuloplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the ring (annulus) of a heart valve
Antegrade
Moving or extending anteriorly, moving with the usual direction of flow
Arrhythmia
Irregularity of heart rate or rhythem; loss of rhythm
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Atherectomy
Procedure to remove plaque from arteries
Atherosclerosis
Buildup of plaque on artery walls
Atria
Upper chambers of heart; right atrium, left atrium
Atrioventricular (AV)
Relating to both the atria and the ventricles of the heart
Bifurcation
Division into two branches
Bundle of HIs (AB bundle)
Muscle fibers in the heart’s conduction system branching off to the right and the left sides of the heart
Capillaries
smallest branches of arteries and veins
Cardioversion
Use of defibrillator paddles to restore normal rhythm of the heart by electrical shock
Chordae Tendineae
String like tendons linking papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve in the right ventricle and the mitral valve in the left ventricle
Conductive System
Generates and distributes electrical impulses over the heart and along the septum to stimulate contraction, allowing blood to move throughout the body
Contralateral
Situated on, pertaining to, or affecting the opposite side, as opposed to ipsilateral
Coronary Circulation
Movement of blood through the coronary vessels supplying tissues of the heart
Enocarditis
Inflammation or infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium)
Epicardial
Relating to the outermost (on top) layer of the heart wall
Implantable Defibrillator
Implantable device delivering an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm
Infarction
Death of tissue
Intracoronary
Within the heart
Ipsilateral
Situated on, pertaining to, or affecting the same side, as opposed to contralateral
Myocardial
Relating to the myocardium (second layer of the wall of the heart)
Nonselective Catheterization
Catheter placed in the main trunk, contrast may be injected, images may be taken, the catheter is not moved into any other branches
Non-tunneled Catheter
A catheter inserted through the skin directly into a central vessel
Non-tunneled Catheter
A catheter inserted through the skin directly into a central vessel
Occlusion
Closure; the act of closing
Papillary Muscle
Muscles attached to the lower portion of the interior wall of the ventricles and connected to the chordae tendineae
Prolapse
Sinking of an organ or other part
Pulmonary Circulation
Movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again
Purkinje Fibers
Conduction myofibers branching off of the right and left bundle branches into cells of the myocardium
Regurgitation
Flowing backwards
Retrograde
Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow
Revascularization
Reestablishment of blood supply to a part
Selective Catheterization
Catheter placed in branches further off the main trunk (first, second, third or higher order)
Sinoatrial
Refers to the sinus of the venae cavae of the mature heart and the right atrium
Stenosis
Narrowing, stricture
Subendocardial
Under or below enocardium
Syncope
Loss of consciousness and postural tone
Systemic Circulation
Supplies nourishment to tissue located throughout the body with the exception of the heart and lungs
Thrombolysis
Destruction of blood clot
Transluminal
Destruction of a blood clot
Transluminal
Through or across the lumen (tube) of an artery or vein
Tranvenous
Through or across a vein
Trifurcation
Division into three branches or parts
Tunneled Catheter
Catheter tunneled through the skin and subcutaneous tissue to a central vessel. The entrance point of the catheter is distant from the entrance to the vascular system
Valvular Prolapse
Valve leaflets fall backward into the heart chamber
Valvuloplasty
Surgical reconstruction of a valve
Ventricle
Lower chamber of the heart; right ventricle left ventricle.
Epicardium
or visceral pericardium covers the heart’s surface and extends to the great vessel
Myocardium
the contracting muscle of the heart and consists of striated muscle fibers interlaced into bundles
Innermost endocadium
composed of thing layer of endothelium and thin layer of connective tissue
Atria, Atrium
Holding tanks in upper heart chamber holding tanks and receive blood as it comes into the heart
Ventricles
lower chambers of heart that pump blood out
Atrioventricles
AV valves open from atria to ventricles
Hypertension
HTN High Blood pressure, chronic condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Hypertension and Heart Disease or Chronic Kidney Disease are combo codes unless doctor specifies they are unrelated
Primary Hypertension
High blood pressure for which no medical cause can be found
Secondary Hypertenstion
Caused by conditions affecting kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system
Myocardial Infarction
MI or Heart Attack. A blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle
STEMI
In heart attack or MI the coronary artery is completely blocked
NSTEMI
in heart attack or MI the coronary artery is partially blocked
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Angina
A type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease.
Angina feels like squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness, or pain in the chest. It can be sudden or recur over time.
Ischemia
restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).q
Endocarditis
inflammation or infection of the inner lining of the heart
Pericarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart caused by infection
Peripheral Arterial Disesase
PAD affects the arteries outside the heart and brain
Vavle stenosis
one or more of the heart valve openings is narrow and restricts the flow of blood through the heart
Pericardiocentesis
drawing off collected fluid built up inside the double layered pericardial sac
Pericardiotomy
Incision made for a clot/foreign body removal
Pericardiectomy
removal of the fibrous sac (pericardium) surrounding the heart for diseases effecting the heart
Transmyocardial laser revascularizaton TMR
Surgical procedure to treat angina (chest pain)
Pacemaker
Implantable defibrillator system is made up of a pulse generator (battery ad electronics) and one or more electrodes (leads)
Leadless Pacemaker
a small implantable device that sends electrical pulses to the heart whenever it senses that the heartbeat is too slow. Leadless pacing devices are placed directly in the heart without the need for a surgical pocket and insulated wires (called leads).
Commissurotomy
Surgical opening or division of a fibrous band or ring.
Fistula
Abnormal passage way from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
AV Aneurysm
Bulging pouch
Takeuchi procedure
Holes are made in the aorta and pulmonary artery at the level of the anomalous coronary artery and where the vessels touch each other. The holes are sewn together to create a direct aortopulmonary opening. A flap of pulmonary artery wall is created with the anomalous coronary artery, creating a tunnel. Blood is diverted from the aorta into this tunnel
CABG Choronary Artery Bypass Grafts
Surgical provedure performed to go around a bypass blockages in the coronary arteries to improve blood flow to heart muscles. Arterial or venous grafts are harvested from the patient’s body to be used as conduits to the coronary arteries
Septal Defect
Condition in which the septum dividing the right and left sides of the heart does not close completely
Tetralogy of fallot
Congenital heart condition characterized by stenosis of infundibulum, ventricular septal defect, abnormally positioned aorta, hypertrophy (increased size) of the right ventricles
Subclavian to pulmonary shunt procedure
Blalock-Taussig Procedure Temporar performed in children who are not getting enough oxygen in blood. Shunts performed a short segment of artificial blood vessel connecting a branch off the aorta to one of the pulmonary arteries to allow more blood flow to the lungs. Children outgrow the shunts and will need more surgery.
Transposition of Great Vessels
Total reversal of origin of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. A shunt between the arterial and venous blood flow must be placed for the patient to survive
Truncus Arteriosus
Arterial trunk opening out of both ventricles in the heart while the fetus is in the stages of early development in utero. A spiral septum grows to separate the two vessels but if it is not divided surgery is necessary
Ventricle Septal Defect
Hole in the septum between two ventricles
Psudoaneurysm
False aneurysm results when a blood vessel wall is injured. Can cause blood to be contained in surrounding areas usually caused by injury or surgical complication.
Dissection
Tear in the innermost layer of the aorta
Penetrating Aortic Ulcer
Plaque from antherosclerosis wears away the arterial wall lining causing a penetration of the vessel
Traumatic Disruption
A tear or rupture in the aorta causes severe hemorrhaging
Endovascular Repair Abdominal Aortic Repair
EVAR During the procedure, a surgeon makes an incision through an artery in your groin. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is threaded up through the artery and to the site of the aortic aneurysm. A stent graft is sent along the catheter to the aneurysm. The stent graft is a tube made of a thin metal mesh (the stent), covered with a thin polyester fabric (the graft). This stent graft is opened inside the aorta and fastened in place. The stent graft stays in place, and blood flows through it. It protects that part of the aorta, and prevents the aneurysm from bursting.
Hematoma
Blood or bleeding under the skin due to trauma of any kind; typically black and blue at first, with color changes as healing progresses.
Thrombosis
formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel. It prevents blood from flowing normally through the circulatory system
Edema
Puffiness caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues.
Thromboendearterectomies
Used when calcified plaque or persistent clot formations do not respond to balloon angioplasty procedures. Thrombus removed and inner lining of the artery.
Patch Graft
graft of living or synthetic material used to repair a defect in a blood vessel
Angioplasty
Opens narrow or blocked vessels.
Balloon Angioplasty
involves inserting a balloon catheter into a narrow or occluded blood vessel to dilate (enlarge) the vessel by inflating the balloon
Bypass Graft
Performed on the non-coronary vessels as determined by the type of graft and vessels bypassed. Vein, in-situ vein and other than vein. Must know where the graft is connected on the ends.
In-situ graft
Restoration of perfusion to a body part or organ that has suffered ischemia (reduced blood flow) to avoid amputation
Bypass Vein Graft
Involves bypassing an arterial blockage with a section of vein reversed so the vein valves are in the direction of arterial flow
Central Venous Access Devices
CVAD catheters placed in large veins for patients who require frequent access to the bloodstreatm
Intraosseous infusion
Into jugular, subclavian or femoral veinsInsertion of a special needle through the skin, muscle tissue and into the bone marrow cavity of either tibia or fibula
Dialysis
Removing blood from patient, cleansing it to replace and supplement the function of the kidneys and returning it back to the patient
Transvenous Intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
TIPS Performed when pressure in the portal vein is so high it causes internal bleeding from blood vessels in the esophagus. Involves threading a catheter into the portal vein and inserting a self expanding stent to bridge the portal and hepatic veins to divert blood from the portal vein to the hepativ vein
Interventional Cardiology/Radioly
Branch of medicine that diagnoses and treats diseases using minimally invasive techniques under imaging guidance
Angiography
Radiographic visualization of blood vessels following introduction of contrast material
Antegrade
Moving or extending anteriorly, moving with the flow
Bifurcation
Division into two branches
Contralateral
Situated on, pertaining to or affecting the opposite side as opposed to ipsilateral
Digital Subtraction Angiography
Arteriography using electronic circuitry to subtract the background of bone and soft tissue to provide a useful image of arteries injected with contrast medium
First Order Vessel
Primary branch off the main trunk of a vascular system
Ipsilateral
Situated on pertaining to or affecting the same side as opposed to contralateral
Main Trunk of the Arterial System
Aorta
Main Trunk of the Venous System
Vena cava
Non-selective Catheterization
Catheter placed in the main trunk contrast may be injected, images may be taken but the catheter is not moved into any branches
Roadmapping
Overlaying of two images. A stored image is superimposed upon a current fluoroscopic image, or a current image can be copied for storage and later used in roadmapping
Second Order Vessel
Secondary branch and comes off the first order vessel
Selective Catheterization
A catheter is placed in the branches further off the main trunk
Third order and higher vessels
Tertiary branch and further, comes off the second order vessel
Trifurcation
Division into three branches or parts
Vascular Family
Network of vessels arising from the aorta’s main branch or network of vessels arising from one primary branch of the access site
Vascular Family
Network of vessels arising from the aorta’s main branch or network of vessels arising from one primary branch of the access site
Endovascular Revasculization
clear blockages in the arteries and remove the plaque that is causing decreased blood flow. This alleviates the pain and stops the tissue decay/loss associated with lower extremity PAD
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CT
Computed tomography
Cardiac SPECT scans
use small amounts of radioactive substances injected into a vein and special camera to produce images of the heart. Using these pictures a computer measures blood flow through the heart and detects areas of abnormal heart muscle
Cardiac Blood pool imaging
radioactive solution is introduced into the bloodstream and monitored as it travels through the heart. CPT located
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Non invasive tests used to assess the hearts structure and function
Position Emission Tomography
PET nuclear imaging to evaluate heart function after administration of a natural biochemical substance such as glucose or fatty acids. Can be used to look of Coronary Artery Disease by examining how blood flows through the heart and can evaluate damage to heart tissue after a heart attack
Cardioversion
Defibrillator paddles to restore normal rhythm of heart by electrical shock
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention PCI
a nonsurgical procedure that improves blood flow to your heart. PCI requires cardiac catheterization, which is the insertion of a catheter tube and injection of contrast dye, usually iodine-based, into your coronary arteries
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Nonsurgical procedure relieving narrowing and obstruction of antherosclertic coronary arteries
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Atherectomy
A cutting device is used to remove plaque buildup from the artery wall.
Percutaneous intracoronary stent placement
Stent is mounted on a ballon catheter in a crimped or collapsed state and inserted into a coronary artery. When balloon inflates, stent expands and pushes itself against the inner wall of the coronary artery.
Electrocardiogram
ECG, EKG Diagnostic Tool used to measure and record electrical activity of heart
Holter Monitor
Records the heart rhythm continuously for up to 48 hours
Echocardiography
Records graphically the position and motions of the heart walls or the internal structures of the heart and neighboring tissue using echoes obtained from the ultrasonic waves directed through the chest wall.
Cardiac Catheterization
Minimally invasive diagnostic test enabling evaluation of the heart’s chambers, valves, and coronary arteries.
Electrophysiological Studies
test the electrical activity of your heart to find where an arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat) is coming from. Invasive testing doctors insert a thin tube called a catheter into a blood vessel that leads to your heart. A specialized electrode catheter designed for EP studies lets them send electrical signals to your heart and record its electrical activity.
Intracardiac Catheter Ablation
Radiofrequency energy used to destroy cardiac tissue selectively.
aneurysm/o
aneurysm
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
vessel
aort/o
aorta
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
ather/o
yellowish, fatty plaque
atri.o
atrium
cancer/o, carcin/o
cancer
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
heart
ech/o, son/o
sound
electr/o
electrical
endocardi/o
endocardium
mediastin/o
mediastinum
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
myocardium
oxia, ox/y
oxygen
pericardi/o
pericardium
phleb/0, ven/o
vein
pulmon/o, pulm/o
lung
rhythm/o
rhythm
scler/o
hard
sept/o
septum
sin/o
sinus
steth/o, thorac/o
chest
valv/o, vavul/o
vavle
ventricul/o
ventricles
venul/o
venule
bi-
two
brady-
slow
de-
down, from, without, removal, loss
epi-
upon, above, on, over
peri-
around
poly-
many, much
tachy-
fast, rapid
tri-
three
-ary
pertaining to
-edema
swelling, accumulation of fluid
-graph
instrument used to record
-graphy
process of recording
-gram
recording, writing
-ium
membrane, structure
-megaly
enlarged, enlargement
-ole
small
-oma
tumor
-pathy
disease, abnormality
-phobia
fear (abnormal)
-sclerosis
narrowing, stricture, constriction
-stomy
artificial opening, surgical creation of an opening
-tome
cutting instrument, instrument for cutting
modifier 26
professional and technical component
modifier 51
sep procedure same time
50
both sides
Maze Procedure
for atrial fibrillation (irregular heart rate). Creates pattern of scar tissue in upper chamber of heart using heat or cold or scalpel is used to make several small incisions
modifier 22
Greater than that usually required for the listed procedure
