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NPTE > endocrine and metabolic systems > Flashcards

endocrine and metabolic systems Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the central network controlling the glands within the body?

A
  1. nervous system
  2. hypothalamus
  3. anterior pituitary gland
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2
Q

(true/false) the endocrine system functions are closely linked to the immune system

A

true

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3
Q

What level of blood glucose warrants deferring PT?

A

> 300

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4
Q

What should one do if a patient’s lood glucose is < 100?

A

rule of 15

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5
Q

What should you closely monitor if a patient with DM has retinopathy and/or HTN?

A

blood pressure

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6
Q

Hypoglycemia is indicated when blood glucose is ____.

A

< 70

also indicated if there is a rapid drop of glucose within minutes

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7
Q

What are the early s/s of hypoglycemia?

A
  • pallor
  • shakiness
  • sweating
  • excessive hunger
  • tachycardia/palpitations
  • feeling faint
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • poor coordination and balance
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8
Q

What are the late symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A
  • anxiety and irritability
  • blurred or double vision
  • HA
  • slurred speech
  • drowsiness
  • inability to concentrate
  • confusion
  • delusions
  • LOC or coma
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9
Q

(true/false) Both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia have a rapid onset.

A

FALSE

hyperglycemia has a gradual onset (days)

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10
Q

What are s/s of hyperglycemia?

A
  • weakness
  • thirst/dry mouth
  • scant urination
  • decreased appetite
  • N/V
  • abdominal tenderness
  • dulled sensation and paresthesia
  • confusion
  • diminished reflexes
    **- fruity breath
    **- rapid and weak pulse
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11
Q

A patient with DM should not exercise without eating at least ______ before.

A

at least 2 hours before

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12
Q

What insulin injection site is preferred?

A

abdominal

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13
Q

(true/false) you can inject short-acting insulin into exercising muscles as long as it is warranted.

A

FALSE

if injected into exercising muscles, the insulin will be absorbed more quickly

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14
Q

What intensity of exercise should be prescribed for those with nephropathy and DM?

A

low to moderate

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15
Q

What type of exercise should be avoided in those with retinopathy and DM?

A
  • activities that increase BP to >170 mmHg
  • pounding and jarring activities
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16
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Lack of secretion of the anti-diuretic hormone vasopressin

allowing unabsorbed water to be lost in the urine

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17
Q

What are the s/s of diabetes insipidus?

A
  • dehydration, thirst
  • increased urination
  • fatigue
  • irritability
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18
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Excess secretion of vasopressin

resulting in marked retention of water

  • decreased urination
  • weight gain w/o visible edema
  • lethargy
  • HA
  • confusion
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19
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex (adrenal insufficiency) - decreased cortisol and aldosterone

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20
Q

What is primary adrenal insufficiency called?

A

Addison’s disease

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21
Q

What are the s/s of Addison’s disease?

A
  • dark pigmentation
  • hypotension
  • weakness
  • progressive fatigue
  • decreased tolerance to cold
  • dehydration
  • GI disturbance
  • tendon calcification
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22
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex – excess secretion of cortisol

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23
Q

What can cause addison’s disease?

A
  • autoimmune processes
  • infection
  • neoplasm
  • hemorrhage
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24
Q

What can cause secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A
  • prolonged steroid therapy
  • rapid withdrawal of drugs
  • hypothalamic or pituitary tumors
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25
Q

What causes cushings syndrome?

A
  • excessive use of corticosteroids
  • increased cortisol production
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26
Q

What causes cushing’s disease?

A

pituitary tumor resulting in increased secretion of ACTH

  • HA
  • visual changes
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27
Q

What is cushing’s disease?

A

excess secretion of adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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28
Q

What are the s/s of hypercortisolism (cushing’s syndrome/Cushing’s disease)?

A
  • “moon face”
  • buffalo hump on neck
  • bruise easily
  • abdominal stretch marks and increased fat pads
  • masculine traits in women
  • osteoporosis
  • decreased glucose tolerance
  • decreased testosterone
  • decreased menstrual periods
  • atrophy
  • edema
  • hypokalemia
  • obesity
29
Q

What is goiter?

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland due to TSH hypersecretion

30
Q

What causes goiter?

A

iodine deficiency

31
Q

What is thyroiditis?

A

Inflammation of the thyroid gland due to infection/autoimmune processes

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the chronic form

32
Q

When hyperthyroidism is present, metabolic processes are (decreased/increased)

A

increased

33
Q

What are s/s of thyroiditis and goiter?

A
  • dysphagia
  • difficulty breathing
  • hoarseness
34
Q

What are the s/s of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • hyperreflexia and tremor
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • heat intolerance
  • palpitations and tachycardia
  • goiter
  • diarrhea
35
Q

What medications are used to treat hyperthyroidism?

A

antithyroid drugs

36
Q

What symptom is associated with a hypermetabolic state?

A

fatigue

37
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism - excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone

38
Q

What are s/s of graves’ disease?

A
  • tachycardia
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • hyperreflexia
  • increased sweating
  • heat intolerance
  • tremor
  • exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
39
Q

Hypothyroidism (decreases/increases) metabolism

A

decreases

40
Q

What are the s/s of hypothyroidism?

A
  • constipation
  • dry hair and skin
  • hair loss
  • fatigue
  • slowed HR
  • goiter
  • weight gain
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
41
Q

If hypothyroidism is left untreated, what can it lead to?

A

myxedema (severe hypothyroidism)

42
Q

What are the s/s of myxedema?

A

swelling of the hands, feet and face

can lead to coma or death

43
Q

What are medical interventions for treatment addison’s disease?

A
  • replacement therapy (glucocorticoids, adrenal corticoids)
  • adequate fluid intake, controlled sodium and potassium
  • diet with high complex carbs and protein
44
Q

What are the medical treatments for cushing’s syndrome/disease (hypercortisolism)?

A
  • decrease ACTH: irradiation or surgical excision of pituitary tumor
  • monitor weight, electrolytes, and fluid balance
45
Q

Is (hyper or hypo)thyroidism more common?

A

hypothyroidism

46
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is the excessive secretion of PTH causing increased release of what into the bloodstream?

A

increased release of calcium into the bloodstream

47
Q

What are the s/s of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • decreased bone strength
  • fx
  • weakness and atrophy
  • hypermobility
  • kidney stone or failure
48
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism?

A

Insufficient secretion of PTH causing deficiency of Calcium in the blood

49
Q

What are the s/s of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • muscle spasms
  • paresthesia
  • tetany
  • cardiac arrythmias
  • weakness
  • chvostek sign (facial spasm)
  • trousseau sign (carpal spasm)
  • seizures
50
Q

diagnosis

Decrease in the size and number of islet cells resulting in absolute deficiency of insulin secretion

A

T1DM

51
Q

What population is commonly experiencing hyperthyroidism?

A

Females, 20-40 yrs

52
Q

What population is commonly experiencing hypothyroidism?

A

females, 30-60 yrs

53
Q

What population commonly experiences hyperparathyroidism?

A

females > 60 y/o

54
Q

What type of DM is prone to ketoacidosis?

A

T1

55
Q

diagnosis

glucose intolerance (high blood sugar) associated with pregnancy

A

gestational DM

56
Q

Mothers who experience gestational DM often have onset in the _____ trimester

A

3rd trimester

4% of pregnancies

57
Q

How long does it take for prediabetics to convert to T2DM?

A

within 10 years

10-15%

58
Q

Describe diabetic polyneuropathy.

A
  • bilateral N/T of the hands and feet in stocking-glove distribution
  • progresses from distal to proximal nerves
  • weakness
  • paresthesia, shooting pain, loss of protective sensations
59
Q

What is a mononeuropathy?

A

Focal nerve damage resulting from vasculitis with ischemia and infarction

60
Q

What do entrapment neuropathies result from?

A

repetitive trauma to superficial nerves

61
Q

What BMI range is considered as overweight?

A

25-29.9

62
Q

What BMI range is considered as obesity?

A

30-39

63
Q

What BMI range is considered as morbid obesity?

A

> 40

64
Q

What is the normal range of A1c?

A

< 5.7%

65
Q

What A1c range is indicative of prediabetes?

A

5.7-6.4%

66
Q

What A1c range is indicative of diabetes?

A

> 6.5%

67
Q

What are the 3 diagnostic criteria for dx of DM?

A
  1. s/s of diabetes in the presence of a plasma glucose concentration of > 200 mg/dL
  2. Fasting plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL
  3. A1c is >6.5%
68
Q

What does an A1c test examine?

A

Avg. blood glucose within the last 2-3 months

NPTE (20 decks)

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