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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of hyperpituitarism

A

Pituitary adenoma (Anterior Lobe)

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2
Q

Most frequent type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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3
Q

Second most common type of hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma

A

Somatotroph adenomas

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4
Q

Diagnosis of Somatotroph adenomas

A

Oral glucose loading

Failure to suppress GH production in response to an oral glucose load for acromegaly

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5
Q

Corticroph adenoma developing in patients after surgical removal of adrenal glads for treatment of Cushing syndrome

A

Nelson Syndrome

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6
Q

Postpartum necrosis of anterior pituitary where there is sudden cessation of lactation due to loss of prolactin

A

Sheehan Syndrome

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7
Q

Sudden haemorrhage into the pituitary gland, often into a pituitary adenoma

A

Pituitary apoplexy

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8
Q

Triad of pituitary apoplexy

A

Headache
Diplopia
Hypopituitarism

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9
Q

A neurosurgical emergency presenting with headache diplopia and hypopituitarism

A

Pituitary apoplexy

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10
Q

Excessive urination due to an inability of the kidney to resorb water properly from the urine

A

Diabetes insipidus

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11
Q

Excessive urination due to lack of ADH

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

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12
Q

Excessive urination due to ADH refractory collecting tubules

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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13
Q

Drugs that can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Lithium

Demeclocycline

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14
Q

Metastatic calcfication of the collecting tubule basemenent membrane that can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Nephrocalcinosis

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15
Q

Water deprivation test findings in CDI and NDI

A 
Increased POsm (hypernatremia)
decreased UOSM
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16
Q

Drugs used to treat CDI and NDI

A

CDI: Desmopressin
NDI: Thiazides or Indomethacin

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17
Q

ADH excess

Syndrome with excessive resorption of water resulting to hyponatremia

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

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18
Q

Most common cause of SIADH

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome from Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lungs

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19
Q

Drug used to treat SIADH

A

Chlorpropamide

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20
Q

Treatment of SIADH

A

Water restriction

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21
Q

Most common cause of hypopituitarism in children

A

Craniopharyngioma

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22
Q

Pathway mutated in craniopharyngioma

A

WNT signaling pathway

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23
Q

Type of craniopharyngioma most often observed in children

A

Adamantinomatous

(+) wet keratin lamellae

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24
Q

Type of craniopharyngioma most often observed in adults

A

Papillary

(-) Keratin

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25
Q

Nonspecific increase in thyroid hormones

Hypermetabolic state caused by elevated circulating levels of free T3 and T4

A

Thyrotoxicosis

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26
Q

Thyrotoxicosis caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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27
Q

Hypothyroidism that develops in early childhood leading to severe mental retardation, short stature, and coarse facial features

A

Cretinism

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28
Q

Hypothyroidism developing in older children and adults

A

Myxedema (Gull disease)

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29
Q

Most common cause of hypothyroidsim

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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30
Q

Autoantibodies implicated in Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

Anti-thyroglobulin

ant-TPO

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31
Q

Mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate and well developed germinal centers with atrophic thyroid follicles lined by Hurthle Cells

A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

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32
Q

Presence of Hurthle Cells

A

Hashimotos thyroiditis

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33
Q

Initial thyrotoxicosis in Hashimotos thyroiditis

A

Hashitoxicosis

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34
Q

Specific B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma in hashimoto thyroiditis

A

MALT lymphoma

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35
Q

Most common cause of painful thyroid gland

A

Sabacute Thyroiditis (Granulomatous thyroiditis, De Quervain thyroiditis, or giant cell thyroiditis)

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36
Q

Viral infection implicated in Subactue thyroiditis

A

Coxsackievirus (URTI that precedes thyroiditis)

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37
Q

Also known as painless thyroiditis

A

Lymphocytic Thyroiditis

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38
Q

Lymphocytic infiltrations of the thyroid gland with hyperplastic germinal centers, no fibrosis. lacks Hurthle cell metaplasia

A

Lymphocytic thyroiditis

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39
Q

Fibrous tissue replacement of the thyroid gland

A

Reidel Thyroiditis

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40
Q

Diffuse thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia associated with infiltrative ophthalmopathy

A

Graves Disease

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41
Q

Enlargement of the entire gland without producing nodularity

A

Diffuse nontoxic goiter

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42
Q

Gioterogens

A 
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Brussels
Sprouts
Turnips
Cassava
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43
Q

Occurs in geographic areas with low levels of iodine

A

Endemic goiter

44
Q

Phase of diffuse nontoxic goiter where the thyroid gland is diffusely and symmetrically enlarged

A

Hyperplastic phase

45
Q

Phase of diffuse nontoxic goiter where the stimulated follicular epithilium involutes to form enlarged colloid-riuch gland (Colloid goiter)

A

Colloid involution phase

46
Q

Produces the most extreme thyroid enlargement, often mistaken for neoplasm

A

Multinodular goiter

47
Q

Thyroids are multilobulated and asymmetrically enlarged. there are No capsules between the hyperplastic nodule sandresidual compressed thyroid

A

Multinodular goiter

48
Q

Complications of Multinodular goiter

A

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Plummer Syndrome

49
Q

Complication of Multinodular goiter where an autonomous nodule develops, producing hyperthyroidism

A

Plummer Syndrome

50
Q

Multinodular goiter that grows behind sternum and clavicle

A

Plunging goiter

51
Q

Discrete solitary mass derived from follicular epithelium

A

Thyroid adenoma aka Follicular adenoma

52
Q

Distinguishes Follicular adenoma from Multinodular goiter

A

Well defined, intact capsule

53
Q

Follicular adenoma with oxyphilia

A

Hurthle cell adenoma

54
Q

Most common primary thyroid cancer in adults and children

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

55
Q

Thyroid cancer associated with radiation exposure

A

Papillary thyroid cancer

56
Q

Dystrophically calcified cancer cells with empty appearing nuclei found in Papillary thyroid cancer

A

Psammoma bodies (Orphan Annie Nuclei)

57
Q

Papillary thyroid ca frequent mod of invasion

58
Q

Most common thyroid cancer presenting as a solitary cold nodule

A

Follicular thyroid carcinoma

59
Q

Cell with abundant granular, eosiniphilic cytoplasm found in follicular thyroid carcinoma

A

Hurthle cell carcinoma

60
Q

Follicular thyroid carcinoma frequent site of metastasis

A

Bone (Hematogenous route)

61
Q

Undifferentiated tumor of the thyroid follicular epithelium with mortatlity rate approaching 100%

A

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

62
Q

Epithelial marker found in Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

A

Cytokeratin

63
Q

Neuroendocrine neoplasm derived from parafollicular cells (C-cells)

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

64
Q

Important for the diagnosis of medullary thyroid cancer

A

secretion of calcitonin

65
Q

Autonomous spontaneous overproduction of PTH leading to hypercalcemia

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

66
Q

Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Adenoma (85-95%)

67
Q

Chief cell hyperplasia, with CLEAR-WATER CELL HYPERPLASIA

A

Primary hyperplasia

68
Q

Complications of primary hyperparathyroidism in other organs

A

Osteitis fibrosa cystica
Nephrolithiasis
Nephrocalcinosis

69
Q

The most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Renal failure

70
Q

Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

Previous thyroid surgery

71
Q

electrolyte imbalance that can lead to hypoparathyroidism

A

Hypomagnesemia

72
Q

Tapping along the facial nerver induces contractions of the muscles eyes and mouth

A

Chvostek Sign

73
Q

Carpal spasms produced by occlusion of he circulation to the forearm

A

Trousseau sign

74
Q

ECG change in hypoparathyroidism

A

Prolonged QT interval

75
Q

Hypoparathyroidism due to an end-organ resistance to the actions of PTH

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

76
Q

Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated circulating PTH

A

Psuedopseudohypoparathyroidism

77
Q

DM with beta-cell distruction, insulitis

78
Q

DM with progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance, amyloid deposition within islets

79
Q

Nodular glumerulsclerois in DM nephropathy

A

Kimmelstiel-wilson nodules

80
Q

Most common pancreatic endocrine neoplasm

A

Insulinoma

81
Q

Whipple triad

A

Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Low plasma glucose at time of sx
Relief when glucose raised to normal

82
Q

Pancreatic endocrine neoplasm. Tumor composed of giant islet cells and amyloid deposits

A

Insulinoma

83
Q

Focal or diffuse hyperplasia of the islets

A

Nesidioblastosis

84
Q

Used to differentiate factitious hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia

A

absence of C peptides

85
Q

MAlignant islet cells that secrete gastrin producing hyperacidity

A

Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)

86
Q

Presents with peptic ulcer unresponsive to therapy, diarrhea and seatorrhea

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

87
Q

Most common site of endocrine neoplasms in the pancreas

A

Body & tail

88
Q

Most common site of exocrine neoplasms in the pancreas

89
Q

Rare pancreatic endocrine neoplasm with mild DM and characteristic rash (Necrolytic migratory erythema)

A

Glucagonoma (a-cell tumor)

90
Q

Caused by any condition that produces elevated glucocorticoid levels

A

Cushing syndrome

91
Q

Morphology: Iatrogenic CS

A

Cortical atrophy

92
Q

The most common manifestation of primary hyraldosteronism

A

Hypertension

93
Q

The most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism

2nd- Adenoma

94
Q

Eosinophilic laminated cytoplasmic inclusions found in hyperaldosteronism

A

Spironolactone bodies

95
Q

Most common adrenogenital syndrome

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

96
Q

Ambiguous genitalia in females, precocious puberty in males, and hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deificiency

97
Q

Disorder resulting from progressive destruction of the adrenal cortex.

A

Addison’s disease

Manifests when 90% adrenals destroyed

98
Q

Most common cause of Addison’s disease

A

Autoimmune destruction

99
Q

Hyperpigmentation in Addison’s is caused by

A

Elevated levels of POMC

100
Q

Adrenal medulla neoplasm composed of chromaffin cells, which synthesize and release catecholamine.

A

Pheochromocytoma

101
Q

Pheochromocytoma rule of 10s

A

10%

Extra-adrenal
Bilateral
Malignant
Not associated with hypertensin
Harbor a germline mutation
102
Q

Neuroendocrine markers of Pheochromocytoma

A

Chromogranin

Synaptophysin

103
Q

Components of MEN-1 Syndrome (Wermer Syndrome)

A

Parathyroid adenoma
Pancreatic tumors
Pituitary tumors(Prolactinoma

104
Q

Components of MEN-2A Syndrome (Sipple Syndrome)

A

Pheochromocytoma
Medullary carcinoma
Parathyroid hyperplasia

105
Q

Components of MEN-2B

A

Pheochromocytoma
Medullary carcinoma
Neuromas or gangliomas

Erwin Personal Flash Cards (16 decks)

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