Endocrine 2 (Type 2 Diabetes | Cardio Risk)

Question 1

Tolbutamide

Answer 1

First Generation Sulfonylureas (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

Question 2

Chlorpropamide

Answer 2

First Generation Sulfonylureas (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

Question 3

Acetohexamide

Answer 3

First Generation Sulfonylureas (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

Question 4

Glyburide

Answer 4

Second Generation Sulfonylureas (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

Question 5

Glipizide

Answer 5

Second Generation Sulfonylureas (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

Question 6

Glimepiride

Answer 6

Second Generation Sulfonylureas (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

Question 7

Repaglinide

Answer 7

Non-Sulfonylurea (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits different K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

More selective for beta cell K(ATP) than cardiac K(ATP)

Rapid onset and Short duration
- Lower risk of hypoglycemia

Question 8

Nateglinide

Answer 8

Non-Sulfonylurea (Secretagogues)
1. Inhibits different K(ATP)
2. Prevents K+ Efflux to induce depolarization
3. Activates Ca2+ to cause exocytosis of insulin from insulin granules

More selective for beta cell K(ATP) than cardiac K(ATP)

Rapid onset and Short duration
- Lower risk of hypoglycemia

Question 9

Acarbose

Answer 9

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Competitive inhibitor of glucosidase
- Prevents breakdown and absorption of glucose

Question 10

Miglitol

Answer 10

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Competitive inhibitor of glucosidase
- Prevents breakdown and absorption of glucose

Question 11

Voglibose

Answer 11

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Competitive inhibitor of glucosidase
- Prevents breakdown and absorption of glucose

Question 12

Rosiglitazone

Answer 12

PPAR(Gamma) Agonist
- Regulates gene expression to increase uptake and storage of fatty acid into adipose tissue
- Prevents build up of extra fat
- Does not actually move fat

Decreases Insulin Resistance by preventing fat build up through increasing lipid metabolism

Question 13

Pioglitazone

Answer 13

Thiazolidinediones
PPAR(Gamma) Agonist
- Regulates gene expression to increase uptake and storage of fatty acid into adipose tissue
- Prevents build up of extra fat
- Does not actually move fat

Decreases Insulin Resistance by preventing fat build up through increasing lipid metabolism

Question 14

Troglitazone

Answer 14

PPAR(Gamma) Agonist
- Regulates gene expression to increase uptake and storage of fatty acid into adipose tissue
- Prevents build up of extra fat
- Does not actually move fat

Decreases Insulin Resistance by preventing fat build up through increasing lipid metabolism

Question 15

Metformin

Answer 15

Drug Class: Biguanides

• Increases AMPK = Reduces fat in liver = Reduces Hepatic Glucose Production
• Inhibits glucagon signaling in the liver = Reduces Hepatic Gluconeogenesis
• Promotes glucose uptake by skeletal muscle

Question 16

Phenformin

Answer 16

Drug Class: Biguanides

• Increases AMPK = Reduces fat in liver = Reduces Hepatic Glucose Production
• Inhibits glucagon signaling in the liver = Reduces Hepatic Gluconeogenesis
• Promotes glucose uptake by skeletal muscle

Causes Lactic Acidosis